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The Middle Ages.

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Presentation on theme: "The Middle Ages."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Middle Ages

2 Before we begin… What is the purpose of note taking?
What is engagement? How do I do these things? Body Posture Taking Notes How does my teacher know if I am doing these things?

3 Late Antiquity – Age of Continuity
The Period from the rise of Diocletian to the 900’s is sometimes called Late Antiquity Historians sometimes argue that this time period has great continuity Culture, Government, Religion and the Economy did not change much during this period During the 10th century, everything changed

4 10th Century Invasions

5 The Age of Localism The Carolingian stability was destroyed.
A new Civilization had to be created. Feudalism and Manorialism were the cornerstones of that new Civilization. Feudalism: A Political and Military system designed to provide stability and security by creating local solutions to local problems. Manorialism: An Economic and Social system designed to provide stability and sustainability by creating local solutions to local problems.

6 Feudalism

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8 Manorialism

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10 Social Hierarchies People were born into their status
Social mobility was very difficult – generally people were whatever their fathers had been Three hierarchies existed simultaneously National Hierarchies Local Hierarchies Church Hierarchies

11 National Hierarchies King Magnates Local Lords Knights

12 Local Hierarchies Lord Knights Professionals Laborers

13 Church Hierarchies Pope Bishops/Abbots Officials Priests/Monks

14 Laborers Laborers were usually peasants or serfs
Their situations were usually not appreciably better than that of slaves They were usually economically oppressed they were terribly poor They were usually politically oppressed they had no say in government They were usually militarily oppressed they were subject to indiscriminate violence and could be conscripted at any time

15 Peasant, Serf or Slave Peasant Serf Slave Rural Farmer X (usually)
Commonly Mistreated Impoverished Not Free to Choose a Career Not Free to Travel Not Free to decide When or How to Work

16 Age of Faith With the advent of Localism, the only truly international institution in Europe was the Church The Church was considered Universal The Church was dominated by a powerful bureaucracy staffed by educated officials The Church was often the only career choice for those who sought education or were ambitious

17 The Church Universal Only two kinds of Christianity existed
In the East, it was called Orthodox (meaning traditional) In the West, it was called catholic (meaning universal) The Western Church called itself Christendom (the Earthly Kingdom of Christ)

18 Papal Monarchy The hierarchy of the Church was led by the bishop of Rome (the Pope) Regional authority rested with Bishops Much of the work was conducted by officials, including monsignors, deacons, abbots, priors and others Local authority resided with Priests Other officials included monks, friars, nuns and countless others With this hierarchy came enormous Power…and Wealth…and Corruption

19 Commercial Revolution Evolution
Stability and Agricultural Improvements led to… Population Growth, which led to… Urban Growth, which led to… Commercial Growth, which led to… New Middle Class This New Middle class had money They wanted power

20 Royal-Burgher Alliance
Kings wanted to weaken the power of the Nobility (the Local Lords) Kings allied with the new Middle Class (Burghers) Kings got… Talented and Loyal bureaucracy New and Higher Tax revenues Burghers got… Autonomy (semi independence) Power (influential jobs) The Nobility lost

21 The Rise of Universities
Received students internationally Taught higher learning (Law, Medicine, Theology) Were largely autonomous from local governments Teachers and students were treated as clerics Graduates were either Doctors or Masters Teaching was done principally by Masters Bologna – 1088 Paris – 1160 Oxford – 1167 Cambridge – 1209 Salamanca – 1218 Padua – 1222 Naples – 1224 Toulouse – 1229 Sienna – 1240

22 Three Steps Forward, Two Step Back
England and France fought the Hundred Years War Italy fought Civil Wars Germany fought Dynastic Wars Poland and Lithuania fought wars of conquest Spain and Byzantium fought religious wars All these wars caused destruction and poverty Urban populations fell Plague Bubonic Plague began in Asia in 1346 The Plague arrived in Europe in 1347 As many as 1 in 3 Europeans died between As many as 125 million people across the Earth died (28%) Urban populations plummeted

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