1. Axial and Appendicular
The bones!!
Axial and Appendicular

2. Learning goals
We are learning to identify and locate the bones of the skeletal system!

3. Axial skeleton: 80 bones Skull Hyoid Bone: 1 bone Vertebral column
cranium - 8 bones;
face - 14 bones;
auditory ossicles - 6 bones
Hyoid Bone: 1 bone
supports the tongue and forms part of the larynx
Vertebral column
33 vertebrae
some are fused – usually 26 moving
Ribs
12 pairs (24 bones)
Sternum
1 breastbone (3 bones fused together)

4. The skull Calvaria (skull cap) Facial bones
frontal bone
parietal bone (2)
occipital bone
temporal bone (2) - most fragile AND overlies the meningeal artery = haemorrhage
sphenoid - deep bone that lies behind the eyes
lacrimal bone (tear drainage)
nasal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
mandible

5. Sutures – joints between skull bones
Cranial Cavity – space inside skull bones, houses brain

6. Vertebral column CERVICAL (C1-C7) - atlas, axis, neck
THORACIC (T1-T12) - each one connects to a different rib
LUMBAR (L1-L5) - lower back
SACRUM (5 bones fused together as one) - upper butt
COCCYX (4 fused bones) - tail bone

7. facets to contact (articulate with vertebrae above)
Similarities
body
spine
facets to contact (articulate with vertebrae above)
transverse process
vertebral foramen

8. Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
holes in transverse process
facets in transverse plane
heart shaped body
facets on body for ribs
facets in frontal plane
long spine
short spine
large body
facets in sagittal plane

9. ribs
12 pairs of bone (for protection of vital organs) and cartilage (allow it to expand for ????????)
TRUE RIBS (1-7) - attach to thoracic vertebrae AND sternum
FALSE RIBS (8-10) - attach to thoracic vertebrae AND to sternum indirectly
FLOATING RIBS (11&12) - only attach to vertebrae (one end is ‘free’)

11. Sternum (breastbone) consists of 3 parts fused: MANUBRIUM STERNAL BODY
XIPHOID PROCESS (CPR anyone?)

12. APPENDICULAR SKELETON: 126 bones
Shoulder Girdle: 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
Arm Bones: 1 humerus, 1 radius and 1 ulna in each arm
Wrist Bones: 8 carpal bones in each wrist
Hand Bones: 5 metacarpals in each hand
Finger Bones: 14 phalanges on each hand
Hip Girdle: ilium, ishium, pubis (fused and immovable)
Leg Bones: 1 femur, 1 fibula and 1 tibia in each leg
Ankle Bones: 7 tarsal bones in each ankle
Foot Bones: 5 metatarsals in each foot
Toe bones: 14 phalanges in each foot

13. SCAPULA (shoulder blade) CLAVICLE (collar bone)
PECTORAL GIRDLE
connects axial and appendicular
SCAPULA (shoulder blade)
CLAVICLE (collar bone)

14. Upper limb HUMERUS ULNA (elbow bone)
RADIUS (thumb side) TRY IT...when you pronate, you can actually feel radius cross over ulna

15. Carpals (wrist) 2 rows of four bones:
proximal row (from L to M): scaphoid (tender), lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row (from L to M): trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
“She Likes To Play, Try To Catch Her”

16. digits METACARPALS – palm PHALANGES – fingers
1 per ‘digit’ (1st metacarpal connects to thumb)
PHALANGES – fingers
3 per finger (except thumb...only 2)

17. PELVIC GIRDLE - the parts that you need to cover up
consists of 2 identical hip bones that join with the sacrum posteriorly and each other anteriorly
each hip bone has 3 main parts:
ILIUM
ISCHIUM (gets sore if we sit too long)
PUBIS (join the genitals)

18. Lower limb FEMUR (longest & strongest) PATELLA (sesamoid bone)
TIBIA (shin)
FIBULA (calf)

20. Tarsals (ankle) talus - goes in between tibia & fibula ends
calcaneus (heel)
cuboid (fibula side)
navicular (tibia side)
3 cuneiform (lateral, intermediate, medial)

21. foot METATARSALS – foot PHALANGES – toes
1 per ‘digit’ (1st metatarsal connects to ‘big toe’)
PHALANGES – toes
3 per toe (except big toe...only 2)

23. Learning goals
We are learning to identify and locate the bones of the skeletal system!