1. Chapter 6 Learning

2. Classical Conditioning

3. Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus ( US )- stimulus that generates a an unconditioned response
Example the meat (US) generated salivation (UR)
Unconditioned Response (UR) – an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without conditioning

4. Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS ) - a previously neutral stimulus is matched with the unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response Example – matching the bell with the meat caused the dogs to salivate Conditioned Response (CR) – Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

5. Classical Conditioning

7. Classical Conditioning

8. Classical Conditioning
TRIAL The amount of times a stimulus or a pair of stimuli are together to form an association Some pairings form immediate associations, others take time

9. Fear and Phobia
Fear and phobias can be traced back to Classical Conditioning We learn to fear We can learn not To fear

10. Phobia

11. Classical Conditioning & Emotion

12. Classical Conditioning & Physiological

13. EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING
Attitudes can be changed through Classical Conditioning Advertising – matching attractive people or a pleasant experience with a product

14. Classical Conditioning: Acquisition Stage

15. Classical Conditioning: Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery

21. Operant Conditioning, B.F. Skinner
Learning occurs because responses are influenced by the outcomes that follow them or Organisms repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences - Reinforcement

25. Cumulative Recorder
Record of Response and Reinforcement Rapid response deep slope Slow response shallow slope

28. Operant Conditioning: Extinction
Begins when reinforcement is stopped Early on a surge in response can occur Gradual decline in response until reaching zero Greater the resistance, response will continue longer Schedule of Reinforcement used during acquisition can impact resistance to extinction

33. Reinforcement Schedules
Ratio Schedules produce more rapid responding than interval schedules - Faster responding leads to quicker reinforcement Variable Schedules generate steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction than fixed schedules

38. John Garcia – Taste Aversion
Taste – Nausea associations almost impossible to prevent A byproduct of evolution Biologically we may be programmed to learn certain types of associations more easily than others

39. Preparedness – Martin Seligman
Evolution has programmed organisms to acquire certain fears more readily than others Some phobias are more common than others Fear response may have survival response that has been passed down

40. Latent Learning Edward Tolman ( 1930’s )
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Learning can take place without reinforcement
Latent Learning – Cognitive Map formed
Learning is conditioning and cognitive

43. Superstition
Operant Conditioning: Non-contingent Reinforcement Cognitive: behavior caused by normal cognitive errors that promote irrational reasoning

44. Observational Learning: Albert Bandura
Being conditioned by observing another’s conditioning Extends Classical and Operant Conditioning

46. Observational Learning: Violence
TV, Computer, and Movie violence has an impact on children
Fosters violence
Desensitizes: People are
less sensitive to the
suffering of others
Predicts later aggression

47. Behavior Modification
Identify Target Behavior
Gather Baseline Data
- Identify possible antecedents
- determine level of response
3. Design and select strategies to increase strength
4. Execute and evaluate your program
5. Bring program to an end.