1. Topic: Language perception
Presentation
Topic: Language perception
Presented To
Mam Lubna Umer
Presented By
Aamir Hussein
Hina akram
Ehsan Ullah
Awais Ahmed. .

2. lANGUAGE
A method of human communication either spoken or written consisting of the use of words in a structural and conventional way
Language is something that goes in the ear and comes out of the mouth

3. Language perception
Is the process by which sounds of language are heard, interpreted and understood.
Speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonology, phonetics, psychology and psycholinguistics.
It seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and used this information to understand spoken language.

4. The Relationship between the Speech Stimulus and Speech Perception
Variability from different speakers
Speakers differ in pitch, accent, speed in speaking, and pronunciation.
This acoustic signal must be transformed into familiar words.
People perceive speech easily in spite of the variability problems due to perceptual constancy

5. Process of perceiving speech
Level of sound signal and the process of audition.
Processed to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information.
Than this information can be used for higher level language processes such as word recognition.

6. Speech perception and the brain
Boca's area
Wernicke’s area

7. Continue…
Its considered that the most important function of language are happened in left hemi sphere.
Boca's area: this specific part of brain related to extreme difficulty in speech sound when its damage.
While damage to right hemi sphere of brain do not have such effects.

8. Wernicke’s area
Wernicke's area is part of brain crucially involved in the understanding of speech
Damage to this part of brain was found among patients who had speech comprehension difficulties

9. Some major problems in speech perception
The segmentation problem
How do we segment individual words?
The variability problem
Variability from different speakers
Variability from a phoneme’s context
E.g., /d/ differs in “dig” “dug

10. Meaning and Word Perception
Experiment by Miller and Isard
Stimuli were three types of sentences:
Normal grammatical sentences
Anomalous sentences that were grammatical
Ungrammatical strings of words
Listeners were to shadow (repeat aloud) the sentences as they heard them through headphones

11. Continue… Results showed that listeners were
89% accurate with normal sentences
79% accurate for anomalous sentences
56% accurate for ungrammatical word strings

12. Experience
Before age 1, human infants can tell difference between sounds that create all languages
Japanese infants can distinguish /r/ and /l/.
Japanese adults cannot.
The brain becomes “tuned” to respond best to speech sounds that are in the environment
Other sound differentiation disappears when there is no reinforcement from the environment

13. Theories of speech perception
There are two types of theory which explain how we perceive language or speech.
1. Active theories
Analysis by synthesis theory
Motor theory.
2. Passive theories
Template theory
Feature detector theory

14. Active theory
They assume that the process of speech perception involve some sort of internal speech reduction that is the listener applies his articulatory knowledge when he analyze the incoming signal. In another words the listener acts not only when he produces speech but also when he receive it.

15. Types of active theory
1. Motor theory According to motor theory reference to your own articulators knowledge is manifested via a direct comparison with articulatory patterns. 2. Analysis by synthesis theory this theory postulates that the reference to our own articulation is established via neurally generated auditory pattern.

16. Passive theory
The passive group of theories are group of theories of language perception that emphasizes the sensory site of the perceptual process and relegate the process of speech production to minor old .They postulate the use of stored neuropteran which may even be innate.

17. Types of passive theory
Template matching
Template are innate recognitions devices that are rudimentary at birth and are turned as language is acquired.
Feature detectors theory
they are specialized neural receptors necessary for the generation of auditory patterns

18. Summary
While theories appear to differ substantially distinguishing among them is difficult for two reasons
First all are designed to account for the same basic phenomena
second they are not always explicit on many aspects of perception so that one can always simply claim that a revised theory can account for new results