1. Urbanization
Immigrants moved to the cities this produced urbanization: rapid growth of cities
People also moving from the country to cities

2. Urbanization problems
Housing
Row housing-houses built so that they are connected and share walls
Dumbbell houses-housing that is shaped like a dumbbell (includes air vents in the middle)
People use air vents to dump sewage
Crime increases

3. Sanitation Need clean drinking water Trash is in the street
Not uncommon to see a dead horse in the street
Children play in the street
Start insisting on indoor plumbing

4. Fires
Water shortage, houses built together and made of wood=big chance for a fire
Both Chicago and San Francisco had huge devastating fires

5. Reform movements
Settlement houses-community centers in slums that provide assistance, especially to immigrants.
Provided: educational, cultural, and social services
Jane Addams founded Hull house in Chicago
An important settlement house.

6. Immigration Change from: Western and Northern Europe
Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain
To Southern and Eastern Europe
Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

7. Ellis Island Europeans enter through Ellis Island
See Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island
Usually stay 5 hrs
Undergo mental and health tests
Requirements to enter: pass health tests, literacy test, prove they can work, and have at least $25
20% are detained for a day or more
98% allowed to stay in the US

8. Angel Island Asian immigrants came through Angel Island
Different from Ellis Island
Harsh questioning
Long detention
Filthy, ramshackle buildings
Confined like prisoners
More sent back

9. Problems for Immigrants
Culture shock
Confusion and anxiety from being in a new culture they didnt understand
Jobs
Housing

10. Survival Settle in neighborhoods with people from their culture
Little Italy, China, etc.
Good: makes transition easier
Bad: excluding themselves, slows down assimilation
Americanization movement: use schools and volunteers to teach immigrants English and how to be American.

11. Nativism and xenophobia
Anti-immigration feelings grow
Nativism-idea that native-born Americans are better
Xenophobia-fear of foreigners