1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. Industrial Revolution Essential Question
How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread and how did it affect economies, politics, and society?

3. Industrialism Begins
Setting the Stage: In the United States, France, and Latin America political revolutions brought new governments. A different type of revolution now transformed the way people worked.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: The shift, beginning In the 1750s, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.
Industrialism
New economic system
Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power

4. The Beginnings of Industrialization
a. Wealthy landowners began buying up most of the land that was worked by village farmers.
b. The large landowners improved farming methods

5. A. The Agricultural Revolution paves the way
Landowners enclosed smaller farms into one large area
Enclosures
Landowners experimented with more productive seeding and farming methods to grow bigger and better crops.
Results
Landowners tried new agricultural methods
Large landowners force small farmers to become a tenant farmer or give up farming and move to cities.

6. Jethro Tull
First Scientific Farmer; invented the seed drill, which allowed to plant seed in well spaced rows.

7. B. Rotating Crops
System of growing different crops in a field each year to improve the fertility of the land
Allowed farmers to grow more/better crops.
Livestock breeders improved methods too.
Only allowed the best livestock to breed which increased weight of animals.

8. 3. Result:
As food supplies increased and living conditions improved, England’s population grew very fast.
An increasing population boosted the demand for food and goods such as cloth.
Farmers who lost their land became factory workers.

9. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Rotating Crops
Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion
Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

10. Selective Breeding

11. Why did the IR begin in Britain?
Extensive Natural Resources

12. Industrialization – the processes of developing machine production of goods which requires resources.
Water power and coal to fuel machines
Iron ore to construct machines, tools and buildings
Rivers for transportation
Harbors from which merchant ships can set sail.

13. Expanding Economy to support industrialization.
Investment in manufacture of new inventions
Highly developed banking system
Availability of bank loans for investment
Growing overseas trade
Political stability
Positive attitude
Parliament passed laws to encourage and protect business adventures

14. ***Britain had all of the factors of production (resources needed to produce goods and services that were needed for the Industrial Revolution)
A. Land
B. Labor
C. Capital (wealth)

15. II. Inventions Spur Industrialization
1. Inventions revolutionized industry
2. Britain's textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton was the FIRST to be transformed.

16. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
Flying Shuttle (1733)
John Kay
Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

17. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
Spinning Jenny (1764)
James Hargreaves
One spinner could work eight thread at a time

18. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
Water Frame
Water Frame (1769)
Richard Arkwright
Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

19. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
. Samuel Crompton- Spinning Mule- made thread that was stronger, finer, and more
consistent than earlier spinning machines.

20. Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont)
Power Loom (1787)
Edmund Cartwright
Sped up the weaving process

21. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry (cont)
Cotton Gin (1793)
Eli Whitney
Multiplied the amount of cotton produced
Development of Factories
Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing
First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

22. The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney

23. The First Factories

24. 3. Inventions in America
In the United States, American inventors worked at making railroad travel more comfortable, inventing adjustable upholstered seats. They also revolutionized agriculture, manufacturing, and communications:

25. a. 1831 Cyrus McCormick’s reaper boosted American wheat production.
b Samuel F. B. Morse, a New England painter, first sent electrical signals over a telegraph.

26. . 1851 I. M. Singer improved the sewing machine by inventing a foot treadle (pedal)
d Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.

27. Improvements in Transportation
1. Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial improvements for example, the steam engine.

28. A. Watt’s Steam Engine
1. James Watt - figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel
2. Matthew Boulton- entrepreneur a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. Paid Watt to build better engines

29. James Watt
and the Steam Engine

30. B. Water Transportation
1. Robert Fulton- built a steamboat- ferried passengers up and down the Hudson River.
2. In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a network of canals, or human- made waterways.

31. Robert Fulton and the Clermont

32. C. Road Transportation
1. John McAdam- equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage
a. heavy wagons could travel over the new “macadam” roads without sinking in mud.
2. Turnpikes or Toll Roads were invented- travelers had to stop to pay tolls before traveling farther.

33. The Railway Age Begins Railroad Revolutionize Life The Railroad System
Spurs industrial growth
Creates jobs
Provides cheaper transportation
Boosts many industries
Causes people move to cities

34. **** The railroad locomotive—drove English industry after 1820.
A. Steam-Driven Locomotives
1. Richard Trevithick hauled ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam- driven locomotive.
2. George Stephenson- world’s first railroad line.

35. B. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
1. The entrepreneurs of northern England wanted a railroad line to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester. The Rocket was the engine that was on the railway line.

36. C. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
1. railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products.
2. the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners.

37. 3. the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.
4. by making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take distant city jobs.

38. The Railway Age Begins First Railroad Line
George Stephenson (1825)
Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829)
Used Stephenson’s “Rocket”
World’s best locomotive

39. QUICK QUIZ
1. What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?
2. How did rising population help the Industrial Revolution?
3. What American invention aided the British textile industry?

40. II. Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
Pays more than farms
Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
Rise of Industrial Cities
Urbanization – movement of people to city
Population growth provides work force, markets for goods
Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

45. The Working Class Living Conditions Rapid Urbanization caused:
Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection
Urban slums
Disease and sickness spread quickly
Life span is only 17 years
Lack of sanitary & building codes

47. The Working Class Working Conditions Average workday – 14-16 hours
6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories
Numerous injuries and death
No health insurance
No labor laws
Eventually replaced by machines
Huge population means large unemployment

49. The Rise of the Middle Class
Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class
Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals
Had a comfortable standard of living
Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

50. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
Creates jobs
Enriches nation
Encourages technological progress
Education expands
Cheaper goods, including clothing
Long Term Effects
Improved standard of living
Improved working conditions
Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

51. III. Industrialization Spreads
The Rise of Corporations
Stock
Limited ownership rights for company
Sold to raise money
Corporation
Company owned by stockholders
Share profits not debts
Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

52. The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
Wealth gap between nations widens
Europe & US gain economic power
Non-industrialized nations fall further behind
African and Asian countries lag
Still based on agriculture
Imperialism spreads
Need for raw materials and new markets
European nations & US exploit colonies for resources
Transformation of Society
The Middle Class gains influence and power
Begins calls for reform

53. IV. Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
Policy of not interfering with business
“The Wealth of Nations”
Published by Adam Smith
Defended free markets & laissez-faire
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws
Self-interest
Competition
Supply and Demand

54. The Economists of Capitalism
System of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Malthus and Ricardo
Thomas Malthus
Believed populations grew faster than the food supply
Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
David Ricardo
Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

55. Malthus
Ricardo

56. Utilitarianism and Utopia
Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)
Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS Mill)
Utopian Society
Established by Robert Owen
Community that improved worker conditions and provided cheap housing
Located in New Harmony, Indiana

58. The Rise of Socialism Socialism Power of the Government
Factors of production owned by, operated for the people
Power of the Government
Government control can end
Poverty
Bring equality

59. Radical Socialism – Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Fundamental Beliefs
Society divided into warring classes
The “haves” vs. the “have-nots”
The “haves”
Employers or bourgeoisie
The “have-nots”
The workers or proletariat
Prediction
The workers will overthrow the owners

61. The Future According to Marx
Capitalism will destroy itself
Inequality would cause workers to revolt
This would lead to communism
Society where people own and share the means of production
What are the “means of production”?
Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

62. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
What is a union?
Association formed by laborers to work for change
What do they do?
Negotiate for better wages and conditions
Who were the first to do this?
Skilled workers are the first to unionize
How were they able to do this?
Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

64. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization
Examples of reform laws
Maximum workday
Ending or limiting of child labor

65. The Reform Movement Spreads
Abolition of Slavery
Reformers help to end slavery
In British Empire (1833)
The Americas (1888)
Fight for Women’s Rights
Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848
Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)

66. Other Reforms Free public education Prison reform also sought
Established in Europe by late 1800s
Established in US by 1850s
Prison reform also sought
Focus on rehabilitation

67. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
Thomas Edison
Granted over 1,000 patents from his research
Including the light bulb

68. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont)
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone (1876)

69. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
Guglielmo Marconi
Invented the radio (1895)

70. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
Karl Benz
Invented the automobile in 1885
Henry Ford
Lowers the cost of the automobile using the assembly line

71. Nineteenth Century Progress
Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
The Wright Brothers
Develop the first working airplane

72. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Medicine
Medical research leads to
Development of vaccines
Improvement in sanitation
Louis Pasteur
Discovered the bacteria cause disease
Joseph Lister
Links bacteria to surgical problems
Begins the sterilization process of tools

73. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science
Beginning of numerous branches:
Archeology
study of society through material remains
Sociology
study of people and societies
Anthropology
study of the origin, the behavior, and development of humans
Psychology
study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors

74. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science
Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution
Gradually over time species evolve
Gregor Mendel
Discovers patterns to inherited traits
Begins the science of genetics

75. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science (cont)
John Dalton
Theorizes that all matter is made of atoms
Dmitri Mendeleev
Creates Periodic Table of the Elements
Marie and Pierre Curie
Discover radioactivity
Marie becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Science)

76. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Science (cont)
Ivan Pavlov
Human actions are unconscious reactions
Sigmund Freud
Studied the unconscious mind

77. Ivan Pavlov

78. Nineteenth Century Progress
Development of Mass Culture
1800s saw the creation of
Movie Theaters
Professional Sports
Boxing
Baseball

79. THE
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