1. SYSTEMATICS HYPOTHESIS
PHYLOGENY
SYSTEMATICS HYPOTHESIS
CLADISTICS
DERIVED CHARACTER
CLADOGRAM
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
CLASSIFICATION
TAXONOMY
ARISTOTLE
LINNAEUS
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS

2. TAXONOMY IS THE SCIENCE OF GROUPING
AND NAMING ORGANISMS.
CLASSIFICATION THE GROUPING OF
INFORMATION OR OBJECTS BASED ON
SIMILARITIES.

3. WE ONLY KNOW ABOUT A FRACTION OF THE
ORGANISMS THAT EXIST OR HAVE EXISTED ON EARTH.
TAXONOMISTS GIVE A UNIQUE SCIENTIFIC NAME TO
EACH SPECIES THEY KNOW ABOUT WHETHER IT’S ALIVE
TODAY OR EXTINCT.
THE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMES FROM ONE OF TWO
“DEAD” LANGUAGES – LATIN OR ANCIENT GREEK.

4. DEVIL CAT

5. GHOST Cat

6. MOUNTAIN LION

7. SCREAMING CAT

8. PUMA

9. FLORIDA PANTHER

10. COUGAR

11. THERE ARE AT LEAST 50 COMMON NAMES FOR
THE ANIMAL SHOWN ON THE PREVIOUS 7 SLIDES.
COMMON NAMES VARY ACCORDING TO REGION.
SO YA HAFTA USE A SCIENTIFIC NAME TO BE NERDY AND PRECISE

12. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
   
A TWO NAME SYSTEM FOR WRITING SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
THE GENUS NAME IS WRITTEN FIRST (ALWAYS CAPITALIZED).    
THE SPECIES NAME IS WRITTEN SECOND (NEVER CAPITALIZED).    
BOTH WORDS ARE
ITALICIZED IF TYPED OR UNDERLINED IF HAND WRITTEN.
EXAMPLE: FELIS concolor OR F. concolor
WHICH IS THE GENUS? THE SPECIES?

13. "FORMAL" SCIENTIFIC NAMES SHOULD HAVE A THIRD PART, THE AUTHORITY
"FORMAL" SCIENTIFIC NAMES SHOULD HAVE A THIRD PART, THE AUTHORITY. THE AUTHORITY IS NOT ITALICIZED OR UNDERLINED.
THE AUTHORITY IS WRITTEN AS AN ABBREVIATION OF THE LAST NAME OF THE PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR NAMING THE ORGANISM. SINCE CAROLUS LINNAEUS WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO NAME MANY PLANTS, THE L. FOR LINNAEUS IS VERY COMMON IN PLANT SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
AN EXAMPLE IS QUERCUS alba L.

14. beaver Castor canadensis
bobcat Lynx rufus
coati (or coatimundi) Nasua narica
coyote Canis latrans
DEER
mule (or black-tailed) Odocoileus hemionus
white-tailed (or eastern) O. virginianus
Elk Cervus canadensis
FOX
gray Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Kit Vulpes macrotis

15. DICHOTOMOUS KEYS
A WAY TO LOGICALLY IDENTIFY ORGANISMS BASES ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
IT CAN BE VERY EASY AT FIRST BUT IT WILL BECOME VERY HAIRY QUICKLY
YOU NEED BASIC BACKROUND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SPECIFIC ANATOMY AND THE TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE THEM
YOU START WITH 2 CHOICES
PICK THE CHOICE THAT APPLIES AND MOVE TO THE NEXT APPRPPRIATE STEP
SELECT THE CORRECT CHOICE AND CONTINUE DOWN THE LIST UNTIL YOU HAVE IDENTIFIED THE ORGANISM

19. PHYLOGENY, THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF AN ORGANISM, IS THE CORNERSTONE OF A BRANCH OF BIOLOGY CALLED SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY.
SYSTEMATICS, AS SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY IS COMMONLY CALLED, IS THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY.
                        

20. A PHYLOGENETIC TREE IS A FAMILY TREE THAT SHOWS A HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS THOUGHT TO EXIST AMONG GROUPS OF ORGANISMS. IT DOES NOT SHOW THE ACTUAL EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF ORGANISMS.

23. EMBRYOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
PHYLOGENETIC TREES ARE USUALLY BASED ON A COMBINATION OF THESE LINES OF EVIDENCE:
    FOSSIL RECORD
    MORPHOLOGY
    EMBRYOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
    CHROMOSOMES AND DNA

24. FOSSILS

25. MORPHOLOGY STUPID BLACK CAT PHOTOBOMBING EARLY FEMALE H. SAPIENS
MALE CHIMP
MORPHOLOGY

26. HOBBITS

27. EMBRYOLOGY

28. CLADISTICS - IS A RELATIVELY NEW SYSTEM OF PHYLOGENETICS CLASSIFICATION THAT USES SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERS TO ESTABLISH EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS.
A DERIVED CHARACTER IS A FEATURE THAT APPARENTLY EVOLVED ONLY WITHIN THE GROUP UNDER CONSIDERATION.

29. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
COME FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR
ARE USED FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
HAVE THE SAME ANATOMY

31. ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES
DO NOT COME FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR OR EVOLUTIONARY LINE
PERFORM THE SAME FUNCTION

34. modifies
homologous
structures
Adaptive Radiation -
Modifies homologous structures

36. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION THESE ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED SIMILAR ADAPTATIONS
FOR OBTAINING FOOD BECAUSE THEY OCCUPY SIMILAR
NICHES.

37. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION LEADS To
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES  - 
TRAITS THAT ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY AND
FUNCTIONALLY SIMILAR EVEN THOUGH THERE
IS NO COMMON ANCESTOR.

38. HOMOLOGOUS HUMERUS: FORELEGS, ARMS, WINGS TIBIA: VESTIGUAL
ANALOGOUS INSECT WINGS VS. BIRD WINGS DIFFERENT ORGANS SERVING THE SAME FUNCTION

42. ONTOGENY
THE EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANISM

43. DNA

44. There are three basic assumptions in cladistics:
Organisms within a group are descended from a common ancestor.
There is a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis.
Change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time.

45. A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis is called a cladogram.
What derived character is shared by all the animals on the cladogram on the next slide?

47. The acacia and its
ants are an example
of coevolution. Each
influences the others
evolution.
Can you think of any
other examples of
coevolution?

48. Punctuated Equilibrium
“instead of a slow, continuous movement, evolution tends to be characterized by long periods of virtual standstill ("equilibrium"), "punctuated" by episodes of very fast development of new forms”
The "punctuated equilibrium" theory of Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould was proposed as a criticism of the traditional Darwinian theory of evolution…what is it called?

49. The Dichotomous Key
A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying
an unknown organism.
The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences.
The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

51. 1.  
A. one pair of wings
B. Two pairs of wings

52. • Domain Archaea The Three Domains Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
Includes newly discovered cell types
Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Includes other members of old kingdom Monera
Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made
up of eukaryotic cells
– Protista
– Fungi
– Animalia
– Plantae

53. A group at any level is a taxon.
The major classification levels, from most general to most specific
(several of these have subdivisions)
A group at any level is a taxon.

54. Categories within Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera
Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms

56. SOUTHWEST MISSOURI DOG EAGLE