1. Ancient Greece Section 2: The Greek City-States
Essential Questions
1. Where was the center of Greek life?
2. What differences exist between Athens and Sparta?

2. Key Terms Polis: the Greek word for a city-state (page 115)
Acropolis: a fortified area at the top of a hill in a Greek city-state (page 115)
Agora: an open area below the acropolis where people would assemble and where the market was located (page 115)
Hoplites: heavily armed infantry soldiers (page 116)
Phalanx: a rectangular formation used by hoplites to create a wall of shields (page 116)
Democracy: rule of the many (page 118)
Oligarchy: rule by the few (page 118)
Helots: people captured by the Spartans (page 118)
Ephors: a group of five men who were elected each year by the Spartans and who were responsible for the education of the youth and the conduct of all citizens (page 119)

3. Three types of government used in the Greek city-states.
Advantage
Disadvantage
Tyranny
Ended rule of aristocrats
Went against the rule of law
Democracy
Places power in the hands of the people
Difficult to reach a consensus
Oligarchy
Relatively efficient
Power in the hands of a few people
(pg 118) Sparta & Athens (pg 120)
Sparta:
oligarchy (with two kings)
Athens:
king →
oligarchy of aristocrats →
tyranny →
democracy

4. Political Reform Reform-minded aristocrats made major changes in the society and politics of early Athens.
Leader
Reforms
Salon
cancelled all land debts and freed people who were slaves because of their debts.
Pisistratus
gave aristocrats’ land to the peasants
Cleisthenes
laid the foundations for Athenian democracy by creating a new council of five hundred and by giving the assembly, which was made up of all male citizens, the final authority to pass laws.

5. The Polis Center of Greek Life
Group
Political Rights
Adult Males
Citizens with Full Political Rights
Women & Children
Citizens with No Political Rights
Slaves & Foreigners
Non-Citizens with No Political Rights

6. What were two results of Greek Colonization?
Greek Colonies
What were two results of Greek Colonization?
1. Spread the Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean. 2. Led to an increase in trade & industry.

7. Socrates (c.469-399 B.C.) Plato (c.427-347 B.C.)
Aristotle ( B.C.)
 Alexander the Great
 Aristotle

8. Plato
The Republic
Philosopher Kings Society ruled by those motivated by the intellect (2%)
Auxiliary Society policed & protected by those motivated by courage (2%)
Hoi Polloi The masses making up society, motivated by their appetites (96%)

9. Plato’s Allegory (parable) of the Cave
1. The masses are imprisoned, seeing only the illusions of the puppet masters. 2. The climb out of the cave (through education) is a long & painful journey. 3. Those that leave are thought mad if they return and speak of truth.