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CH. 5 Macromolecules: part 2-proteins & nucleic acids

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Presentation on theme: "CH. 5 Macromolecules: part 2-proteins & nucleic acids"— Presentation transcript:

1 CH. 5 Macromolecules: part 2-proteins & nucleic acids
Building Blocks of Life

2 Multipurpose molecules
Proteins Multipurpose molecules

3 Proteins enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase)
Most structurally & functionally diverse group Function: involved in almost everything enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (hemoglobin, membrane proteins) cell communication (antigenes, between nervous cells) defense (antibodies) movement (proteins in muscles) storage (bean seed proteins)

4 Proteins Structure monomer = amino acids polymer = polypeptide
H2O Structure monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids polymer = polypeptide protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together large & complex molecules complex 3-D shape clockwise: Rubisco — most important protein on the planet? Hemoglobin — a red blooded protein :-) Collagen — strings you together Growth Hormones — working hard in you right now! hemoglobin Rubisco growth hormones 4

5 amino group Amino acids H O | H || —C— C—OH —N— R Structure
central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain) There are 20 different AA like 20 different letters of an alphabet They can make many words (proteins) —N— H R Oh, I get it! amino = NH2 acid = COOH

6 dehydration synthesis
Building proteins Peptide bonds covalent bond between NH2 (Amino) of one amino acid & COOH (Acid) of another C–N bond H2O dehydration synthesis Storage: beans (seed proteins) Movement: muscle fibers Cell surface proteins: labels that ID cell as self vs. foreign Antibodies: recognize the labels ENZYMES!!!! peptide bond 6

7 Protein structure & function
Function depends on structure 3-D structure twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape Rubisco = 16 polypeptide chains Hemoglobin = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) pepsin hemoglobin collagen 7

8 In Biology, size doesn’t matter,
SHAPE matters! Protein denaturation Unfolding a protein temperature pH Salinity destroys functionality some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot

9 Nucleic Acids Information storage

10 Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information
genes blueprint for building proteins DNA → RNA → proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation DNA proteins

11 Nucleic Acids Examples: Structure: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA

12 Nucleic Acids Examples: Structure: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA

13 Nucleotides 3 parts nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C)
ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO4) group Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! Are nucleic acids charged molecules? free COOH group on one end is ready to form another peptide bond so they “grow” in one direction from N-terminal to C-terminal 13

14 Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases
Purine = AG Pure silver! 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U)

15 Pairing of nucleotides
Nucleotides bond between DNA strands H bonds purine :: pyrimidine A :: T 2 H bonds G :: C 3 H bonds Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is the protein that makes blood red. It is composed of four protein chains, two alpha chains and two beta chains, each with a ring-like heme group containing an iron atom. Oxygen binds reversibly to these iron atoms and is transported through blood. Pepsin Pepsin is the first in a series of enzymes in our digestive system that digest proteins. In the stomach, protein chains bind in the deep active site groove of pepsin, seen in the upper illustration (from PDB entry 5pep), and are broken into smaller pieces. Then, a variety of proteases and peptidases in the intestine finish the job. The small fragments--amino acids and dipeptides--are then absorbed by cells for use as metabolic fuel or construction of new proteins. Collagen– Your Most Plentiful Protein About one quarter of all of the protein in your body is collagen. Collagen is a major structural protein, forming molecular cables that strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein. Matching bases? Why is this important? 15

16 H bonds? Why is this important?
DNA molecule Double helix H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds? Why is this important?

17 Matching halves? Why is this a good system?
Copying DNA Replication 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system?

18 When does a cell copy DNA?
When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? cell reproduction mitosis gamete production meiosis

19 DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” James Watson Francis Crick 1953

20

21 Watson and Crick … and others…
1953 | 1962 Watson and Crick … and others…

22 1953 | 1962 Maurice Wilkins… and…

23 Rosalind Franklin ( ) 23

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