1. Classification
Classification: the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
Taxonomy: is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their characterisitics
Taxonomists: scientists that study taxonomy

2. Dichotomous Key A dichotomous key is used to identify organisms.
It consists of a series of paired statements or questions that describe characteristics of an organism.
The statement describes the presence or absence of a certain visible characteristics or structures.

3. Dichotomous Key

4. Two Scientist of Classification
Aristotle’s System
Linnaeus’s System
Greek philosopher who developed the first widely accepted system
Aristotle classified all organisms into two groups : plants and animals
Plants were divided into 3 groups: herbs, shrubs, and trees
Animals were grouped based on habitats and physical difference
Swedish botanist who developed a method of grouping organisms that is used today
Based on the physical and structural similarities.
Binomial Nomenclature: two- word naming system that identifies species
a. First word: defines the GENUS = group of similar species
b. Second word : defines the SPECIFIC EPITHET =characteristic of an organism (SPECIES)

5. Example:
bats fly like birds, they also have hair and produce milk for their young. Therefore, bats are classified as mammals rather than birds.

6. Example: birds, bats, and flying insects are classified together even though they have little in common

7. Example: the species name for humans is homo sapiens

8. Scientific and Common Names
Scientific names give information about the relationship and classification of organisms
Latin is the language of scientific names.
Evolutionary Relationship
Scientist use different factors to determine relationship between organisms
External and internal structures
Breeding behaviors (how they mate)
Geographical distributions
Genetic makeup

9. Taxa
Organisms are ranked in taxa ranging from diverse characteristics to specific ones. The broader a taxon, the more general its characteristics, and more species it contains
Taxa : smallest to largest
- species
- genesis
- family
- order
- class
- phylum
- kingdom
- domain

10. Taxa Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Includes organisms that are different but share important characteristics.
The following organisms may be different in species, but share a nerve cord along the back
Ex. Mammalia is grouped with (birds /class Aves, reptiles/class reptilia, amphibians/ class Amphibia, fish/ Chordata)

11. Don King Punched Ciara Out For Getting Scared
SPECIES = group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
GENUS = group of similar species ( first word in the binomial nomenclature)
FAMILY = group of similar genus
ORDER= group of similar family
CLASS = group of similar order
PHYLUM = group of similar class
KINGDOM = group of similar phylum
DOMAIN = contains one or more kingdoms
Don King Punched Ciara Out For Getting Scared
Example: bobcat Lynx
Species = Lynx rufus Lynx canadensis
Genus = Lynx Lynx
Family = Felidae Felidae
Order = Carnivora Carnivora
Class = Mammalia Mammalia
Phylum = Chordata Chrodata
Kingdom = Anamalia Anamalia
Domain = Eukarya Eukarya

12. Classification models
Phylogeny = shows evolutionary history of species
Example: how apes are “ ancestors ” of the humans

13. 2. Cladistics = classification based on phylogeny (evolutionary relationship between species)
The idea is that organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group
They retain some unique inherited characteristics, called derived traits
These derived traits are used to make a model called a cladgram

15. Kingdom Example Cellular Type of Cell Autotrophic Monera Eubacteria
Streptococcus
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Heterotroph
Protista
Ameba
Algae
Plant-like structures
Eukaryoitic
Heterotroph & Autotroph
Fungi
Mushrooms
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Plants
Ferns
Conifers
Flowering plants
Autoroph
Animals
Mammals
Archaebacteria
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria
Autotroph

16. Eubacteria

17. Eubacteria Also 'prokaryotic', they are also called 'true bacteria'.
They cannot survive in extreme conditions, unlike Archaebacteria.
Both helpful and harmful species exist within this kingdom.
Cyanobacteria
Aquatic and photosynthetic.
Spirochetes
Includes those responsible for syphilis and Lyme disease.
Gram-positive
Misnomer - not all are gram positive. Includes bacteria that produce yogurt, strep throat, and several antibiotics.
Proteobacteria
Large and diverse group that includes bacteria that cause salmonella and H. pylori problems.

18. Eubacteria
Spherical (coccus/cocci) Example: Streptococcus, the bacterium that causes strep throat
Rod-Shaped (bacillus/bacilli) Example: Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax
Spiral-Shaped (spirillum/spirilla) Example: Spirillum minus, the bacterium that causes a form of rat-bite fever

19. Protista

20. Protista
Protists are structurally diverse and eukaryotic (cells contain a nucleus).
This kingdom is neither animal or plant.
Algal or Plant-Like Euglenophyta Chrysophyta Pyrrophyta Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta
Protozoa or Animal-Like Ciliophora Mastigophora Sarcodina Sporozoa
Fungus-Like Myxomycetes Oomycota

21. Fungi

22. Fungi
Fungi usually live in symbiosis with other organisms, often recycling dead matter and providing nutrients.
Food is digested outside the body.
reproduction occurs through the release of spores from its fruit (mushroom).
Ascomycota
Sac Fungi
Basidiomycota
Club Fungi
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi
Mycophycophyta
Lichens
Zygomycota
Conjugation Fungi

23. Plants

24. Plants Members of Kingdom Plantae share the following characteristics:
multicellular.
cell walls are composed of cellulose.
photosynthesis.
no organs which allow movement.
reproduce both sexually and asexually
no central nervous system.

25. Animals Arthropods

26. Animals Chordata

27. Animal Amphibians

28. Archaebacteria

29. Archaebacteria
Single cell organisms where the cells are 'prokaryotic' or do not have a nucleus (i.e., a body that contains genetic material).
Some can live in a variety of environments including high temperatures, extreme pressure, and a range of pH levels.
They are non-pathogenic.
Reproduction through binary fission.
Cannot survive in oxygen.
Halophiles
present in fermented salty foods
Thermoacidophiles
thrive in hot springs (sulphur, high temp, acidic pH)
Methanogens
present as the methane produced during flatulence

30. Complete a Foldable Assignment:
SIX KINGDOMS Pg
Complete a Foldable Assignment:
Include each kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Include:
Multi or unicellular
Habitat
Types (2-5)
Characteristics
Movement
Autotroph or heterotroph