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Taxonomy.

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Presentation on theme: "Taxonomy."— Presentation transcript:

1 Taxonomy

2 LT 6 – Biological evolution explains the unity and diversity of species (biological evolution, unity and diversity) Categorize organisms into the modern classification scheme based on genetic, structural, functional and evolutionary criteria I can describe how living things are classified. ( 3 domains - 6 Kingdoms) I can identify organisms and place them into specific kingdoms I can demonstrate the binomial classification system I can use a dichotomous key to classify different organisms

3 Taxonomy Taxonomy: the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. Today, we classify organisms based on how closely they are related. - DNA evidence - Fossil Record - Called “cladistics” cladograms – diagrams which show ancestral relations between species

4 TAXONOMY DEFINITIONS Species - "A group of similarly constructed individuals capable of interbreeding and producing viable (living) and fertile offspring.” The tiger is the largest wild cat and is also the largest predator on land ... A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes….not fertile. Is it a species?

5 Taxonomical Hierarchy
Taxonomists classify all organisms into a hierarchy There are 8 main levels of classification in the hierarchy (from most to least inclusive) Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Each level, called a taxon (plural = taxa,) includes all those below it.

6 Memorizing the Hierarchy
D Don K King P Plays C Chess O On F Fridays G Generally S Speaking TGIF

7 Memorizing the Hierarchy
For Goodness Sakes!! D Dear K King P Phillip C Cried O Out F For G Goodness S Sakes

8 Understanding the Hierarchy
When referring to a particular species, it is correct to give both genus and species together. The genus is capitalized, but the species is not. Both should be italicized or underlined. As an example, here is the taxonomic classification for the Timber Wolf: Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub-phylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: lupus Sometimes we may add a subphylum Scientific Name – Canis lupus Typed: Always italicize genus and species, species is lower case Written: Underline both

9 YOUR HIERARCHY D Domain Eukarya K Kingdom Animalia P Phylum Chordata
S Sub-phylum Vertebrata C Class Mammalia O Order Primates F Family Hominidae G Genus Homo S Species sapiens

10 3 Domains Broadest groups 3 Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
-everything but bacteria EUKARYA

11 Two Domains of Bacteria
Cyanobacteria Common bacteria Archaea Extreme bacteria Bacteria Archaea Ancestral Cell Did you know??? These two groups were once under one domain – Monera. But, have since been divided in to two due to rRNA evidence.

12 Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria
Unicellular Contain Peptioglycan Lack Introns Asexual reproduction by binary fission Heterotrophic & Autotrophic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplast Diversified groups Archaebacteria Unicellular Lack peptidoglycan Introns Unique lipids in membranes Heterotrophic & Autotrophic Ancestors of Eukaryotes 3 Groups Halophiles Methanogens Thermoacidophiles

13 Kingdom Archaebacteria
Single cell Prokaryote Harsh environments Thermophiles – heat lovers Methanogens – methane creators Halophiles – salt lovers Autotrophic; Heterotrophic

14 Kingdom Eubacteria Common bacteria and cyanobacteria
Autotrophic; Heterotrophic Single cell Prokaryotes Escherichia coli Dental Plaque bacteria Salmonella Tuberculosis Lyme disease – Borrelia E. coli Dental Plaque bacteria Salmonella Tuberculosis Borrelia

15 Eubacteria - Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic Releasing O2 gas into the oceans 100’s Million years later O2 began to air Currently the Earth’s atmosphere is ~21% Ancestors of chloroplasts mitochondria are from a different Eubacterial ancestor

16 Eukaryotic Development
1.5 billion years ago: Dawn of Eukaryotes A cell containing a membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles.

17 Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Everything except bacteria including You

18 Protist 1st Eukaryote Chemical evidence suggests –
Eukaryotes evolved from Archaebacteria (host cell) and Eubacteria (mitochondria and chloroplast) Archaebacteria Eubacteria Ancestral Cell

19 Protist DNA enclosed in a nucleus Complex internal membranes
Mostly single-celled OR few multi-cellular Very diverse group Some are photosynthetic Some are predatory Some are parasitic Cell specialization 1st fossil found ~630 mya

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