2. The Modern Age of Microbiology
How Do Genes Work?
Microbial genetics
Molecular biology
Recombinant DNA technology
Gene therapy

3. The Modern Age of Microbiology
Recombinant DNA Technology
Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications
Production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs
Gene Therapy
Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells

4. The Modern Age of Microbiology
What Role Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment?
Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
Recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur

5. The Modern Age of Microbiology
How Do We Defend Against Disease?
Serology
The study of blood serum
Von Behring and Kitasato – existence in the blood of chemicals and cells that fight infection
Immunology
The study of the body’s defense against specific pathogens
Chemotherapy
Fleming discovered penicillin
Domagk discovered sulfa drugs

6. The Modern Age of Microbiology
What Will the Future Hold?
Microbiology is built on asking and answering questions
The more questions we answer, the more questions we have

7. Worldwide Infectious Diseases Affecting Health Sciences
Increasing number of drug resistant strains including Nosocomial and Community Acquired microorganisms
MRSA Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
VRE Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
VRSA Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MDR-TB Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis

8. Worldwide Infectious Diseases Affecting Health Sciences
Increasing number of emerging diseases (SARS, AIDS, hepatitis C, viral encephalitis)
Other diseases previously not linked to microorganisms now are (gastric ulcers, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis)

9. Virulence factor is the physical molecule or structure that provides the ability to infect another organism.

10. cell
structure
molecule
vf?

11. Biofilm –  cells stick to each other and often these cells adhere to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
cell
structure
molecule
Pseudomonas in alveolus
Biofilm on a catheter 24hrs after it was inserted

12. Cell wall: Gram +

13. cell
structure
molecule
vf?
Peptidoglycan

14. Cell wall: Gram -
cell
structure
molecule
vf?

15. Penicillin: prevents cross-link formation Lysozyme: digests intact peptidoglycan
What part of the bacterial cell is popping? AND, why does it pop?

16. Elicits exaggerated inflammatory response
Importance of LPS
cell
structure
molecule
vf?
Elicits exaggerated inflammatory response
Host tissue damaged

17. cell
structure
molecule
vf?

18. The specificity of enzymes
cell
structure
molecule
vf?

19. Exo vs Endo enzymes

20. Temp – how effect enzymes?

21. Indicate the conformation of enzymes on the graph