1. History of Apartheid
World Studies

2. I. South Africa’s early history
The Boers left the Netherlands & settled the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century
Left their home for religious reasons
Believed they were ordained to rule South Africa

3. The Boers long argued that they were the first to arrive there, even before Africans
Archeology has since proved this wrong
There had been a great civilization

4. Hostile to local African groups; fought with them frequently & used slave labor to establish their colony

5. II. The British arrive
Cape Colony became a British holding in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars
The Boers resented British rule
Didn’t fit w/ their religious expectations
Within a few decades slavery was illegal throughout the British Empire & was applied to Boers as well

6. The Great Trek
Starting in 1835, Boers began leaving the area of British control for the more rural areas
By 1852 there are 12,000 settled & the local Zulu aren’t too keen

7. The Zulu protest, the British agree w/ them, but local British authorities decide it would be better to side w/ whites & fight the Zulu into submission
The British recognize the South African Republic in 1852

8. The discovery of diamonds in Boer land in 1867 causes the British to rethink & leads to the Boer Wars, which the British win
The Boers are entirely under British rule by 1902, but maintain language (Afrikaans) & cultural identity

9. III. Union of South Africa
Becomes a unified state under the British in 1910
Parliamentary system from which non-whites were excluded
Afrikaners (Boers) were given control of the “native issues”
80% of arable land went to whites (10% of population)

10. South Africa supported the Allies in WWII
As white men went to fight, the economy demanded that restrictions on non-whites be lessened and factories be desegregated
After the war racial tension increases

11. IV. National Party Ran the 1948 campaign based on race
They win narrowly & proceed w/ policies of strict segregation
In the beginning, didn’t look much different than the racism that existed in many other places
As time passes it becomes clear that it is very different

12. V. Apartheid Laws Population Registration Act (1950)
Required all South Africans to officially register their race; white, native/Bantu, colored or, later, Asian
Group Areas Act (1950)
Divided up land and you could only live/work in the area designated for your race
Required blacks to be forcibly moved

13. Several anti-apartheid organizations met and tried to establish a process of nonviolent protests
African National Congress (ANC) formed to resist racist policies towards Natives
Many protests were met by police who beat, tortured and in many cases, killed participants

14. Soweto
South west township outside Johanesburg

15. Over time more and more blacks moved to urban areas, but there weren’t enough houses
Forced to build/live in shanty towns

16. Pass Laws
Non-whites were required to show their passes whenever requested
Nelson Mandela encouraged civil disobedience (non-violent, non-cooperation) in 1960
20,000 went to protest; over 200 were killed or injured when police fired in to the crowd, this became known as the Sharpeville Massacre
Government outlawed the ANC

17. Bantu Education Act (1953)
The white government would create a curriculum that suited the "nature and requirements of the black people."
"Natives [blacks] must be taught from an early age that equality with Europeans [whites] is not for them.“
Schools were severely overcrowded as the government only built schools in areas it wanted to push blacks in to
Teacher to student ratio was 50 to 1 and only 10% of black teachers had finished 12th grade, 1 in 5 students went to secondary school

18. Teachers were under-qualified and by the 1970s the government was forced to improve schools in order to have better trained workers
In 1975 when the government insisted that school be taught in Afrikaans, students rebelled
15,000 marched and were met brutally by the police; known as the Soweto Massacre
23 to 200 died; riots would last for days

19. We strongly refuse to swallow an education that is designed to make us slaves in the country of our birth
Hector peterson

20. International Pressure
South Africa became increasingly isolated from the world community
Activists in Europe and the United States protested against apartheid
Governments and international corporation refused to do business with South Africa

21. New Era
In 1989, longtime president Pieter Botha resigned due to illness and was replaced by Frederik de Klerk
De Klerk recognized the necessity of dismantling apartheid
Lifted the 30 year ban on ANC
Freed Nelson Mandela from prison; who had been in prison for 27 years

22. South African Parliament began repealing apartheid laws
White South Africans vote in 1992 to end apartheid
First inclusive election occurred in 1994, and the ANC emerged victorious

23. Mandela Wins Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa
He served until 1999
Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize for bringing an end to apartheid