1. Atomic Structure of an Atom

2. Atoms:
Smallest particle of matter

3. Location Charge Subatomic Particle
Nucleus
Nucleus
Neutral
Neutron
Outside Nucleus in energy levels
Negative (-)
Electron
Positive (+)
Proton
Location
Charge
Subatomic Particle

4. Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus
Electrons outside nucleus in energy levels
1st Level: 2 electrons
2nd Level: 8 electrons
3rd Level: 18 electrons

5. Elements: Groups of the same atoms
Important Elements for Biochemistry:
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S)
CHONPS

6. Protons = atomic number
Neutrons = Atomic Mass - # of protons
Electrons = # of protons

8. With your table partner….
Determine the number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons of
Lithium
Aluminum
Sulfur

9. Answers! Element Name Number of Protons Number of Neutrons
Number of Electrons
Lithium 3
4 (7-3)
Aluminum 13
14 (27-13)
Sulfur 16
16 (32-16)

10. Exit Slip in warmup notebook
Choose three different elements and determine the # of protons, neutrons, and electrons

11. Chemical Compounds

12. Compounds are…
Chemically bonded atoms of 2 or more elements

13. + =
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water

14. Physical and Chemical Properties of the compound are very different from the elements
Sodium (Na) – silver metal, soft
Chlorine (Cl) – poisonous, green gas
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) – white solid, dissolves in water

15. O2 H2
NaCl H2O
CO2 H2SO4
NH3 C6H12O6

16. Chemical Bonds -
Hold the atoms in a compound together
2 major types

17. 1. Covalent Bonds Elements SHARE electrons Most common type
Want to be more stable
Example: Water, H2O

18. 2. Ionic Bond Between a metal and nonmetal
One atom gains and one atom loses electrons
Example: NaCl

19. Properties of Water

20. Why is water important? Most abundant compound in most living things
Covers over ¾ of the Earth’s surface
Liquid at room temperature
Expands as it freezes
(ice floats on water)

21. What would be the effects on the world if ice did not float?

22. Water is Polar…
Water has an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
Oxygen side: (-) pole
Hydrogen side: (+) pole

23. Hydrogen Bonds Attraction of polar molecules
Weaker than ionic or covalent

24. Cohesion- attraction between molecules of the same substance
Examples: water beading, surface tension

25. Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different substances
Examples: water in glass, movement in plants

26. Solute – substance dissolved (Kool-Aid)
Solvent – what the solute is dissolved in (H20)

27. Water is the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT!!
Water’s polarity dissolves ionic compounds and other polar molecules

28. Resists Temperature Change:
Requires more heat to increase temperature than most liquids

29. Summary of Properties of Water
expands when frozen
is polar
Cohesion, adhesion, Universal Solvent
Resists temperature change

30. Acids, Bases, and pH

31. Water can be broken down
H2O H OH-
water Hydrogen Hydroxide

32. pH scale: Measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
Ranges

33. Acids: H+ > OH- pH < 7 Lower pH = more acidic
Ex: Hydrochloric Acid, Lemon Juice, Vinegar

34. Neutral:
pH = 7
Concentration of H+ = OH-
Ex: Pure Water

35. Bases: H+ < OH- pH > 7 Higher pH = more basic
Ex: Soap, Bleach, Oven Cleaner

36. Buffers:
Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent changes in pH
Maintain homeostasis in the body
When an acid reacts with a base it neutralizes and makes
water and a salt

38. Tell whether each is an acid, base, or neutral
1. pH = 13
2. pH = 3
3. pH = 8
4. pH = 7

39. Monomer – single unit (one) Polymer – made of monomers (many)
Biomolecules
Monomer – single unit (one)
Polymer – made of monomers (many)

40. Carbohydrates Made up of C, H, and O Saccharide means sugar
1:2:1 Glucose = C6H12O6
Saccharide means sugar

41. Monomer: Monosaccharides (contains one sugar)
Simple sugars – glucose, fructose
Dissaccharides (contain 2 sugars)
-examples: lactose (sugar in milk) and sucrose (table sugar)

42. Polymer: Polysaccharides (contain many sugars)
Glycogen or Starch – cellulose
Formed by Polymerization

44. Carbohydrates Importance: Found in: pasta, bread, fruits, sugars
Main source of energy
Found in: pasta, bread, fruits, sugars

45. Lipids Mostly C and H Glycerol and fatty acid chains
Saturated fats: all single bonds
Unsaturated fats: at least one double bond

47. Lipids Examples Importance: Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Store energy
Part of membranes (cell)
Waterproofing

48. Nucleic Acids Made of H, O, N, C, and P Monomers:
Nucleotides – sugar, phosphate, and base

50. Nucleic Acids Examples: Importance: DNA, RNA
Store and transmit genetic information

51. Proteins Contain N, C, H, and O Monomers:
Amino Acids
20 types
Identical except for R groups
Joined by covalent (Peptide) bonds

53. Proteins Foods found: Importance: Meat, nuts, beans, eggs
Control reactions
Regulate cell processes
Form muscle
Fight disease

54. Enzymes are… Proteins that act as biological catalysts
Catalyst: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

55. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy