1. America: Past and Present Chapter 21
TOWARD EMPIRE
America: Past and Present
Chapter 21

2. America Looks Outward U.S. expansion shifts after 1890
Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

3. Catching the Spirit of Empire
Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years
1870s bring new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries
Internationalism began to replace nationalism

4. Reasons for Expansion Expansion abroad sought to gain markets
Evolutionary ideas encourage expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere
Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong's popular Our Country (1885)

5. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867-1900
Expansionist foreign policy
Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands
Erode European influence in Latin America
diverts Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties
U.S. supports Venezuela against Great Britain

6. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa
1875--U.S. grants Hawaiian sugar free entry
Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence
1893--American settlers pull off coup
1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession
1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa
1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

7. Hawaiian Islands

8. The New Navy
Alfred Mahan argues that overseas markets are essential for industrial surpluses
Large merchant marine, strong navy needed
1889--Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervises a program of naval construction
U.S. gains offensive capability at sea

9. War with Spain The war increased overseas possessions
It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power”
Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

10. A War for Principle February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba
"Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence
McKinley gains Spanish concessions
February, explosion of the Maine
April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent, passes "Teller Amendment"
April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

11. "A Splendid Little War" U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared
Problems of equipment and supply
regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles
Guard units possess old Springfield rifles
Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

12. “Smoked Yankees” African Americans serve in army Guard units
Black troops resist segregation
African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

13. The Course of the War
May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay
June--Cuba invaded
July--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Rico occupied
August 13--Philippines surrender

14. Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater

15. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

16. Acquisition of Empire
Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations
December Treaty of Paris
Cuba independent
U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

17. The Treaty of Paris Debate
Debate over annexation of the Philippines
Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League
February, ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

18. American Empire, 1900

19. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement
1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule
local self-government permitted
schedule established for independence
July 4, Philippine independence

20. World Colonial Empires, 1900

21. Governing the Empire
Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories
Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens
Navy controls Guam
Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation
Platt Amendment--U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

22. The Open Door March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China
no European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area
Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

23. Outcome of the War with Spain
Teddy Roosevelt a war hero
Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans
Confirms Republicans as majority party
U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country