Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. Philip G. Zimbardo, Ph.D.

Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. Philip G. Zimbardo, Ph.D.
A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. Philip G. Zimbardo, Ph.D. Prepared by Brian Malley, Ph.D., University of Michigan This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Emotion Just imagine what are your life would be like if you could think and act but not feel Would you be willing to give up the capacity to experience fear if you would lose the passion of a lover’s kiss Would you give up sadness at the expense of joy

Emotions serve a number of important functions

Emotion Complex pattern of changes made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant İncludes physiological arousal Feelings Cognitive processes Visible expressions (face and posture) Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

All these components are necessary
İmagine a situation in which you would feel a surge of happiness Physiological arousal might include beating heart Your feeling would be positive The associated cognitive processes, interpretations, memory… Your overt behavioral reactions: smiling

BASİC EMOTİONS AND CULTURE
Researchers have tested this claim of universality of emotions 1-by looking at the emotional responses of newborn children 2-facial expressions across cultures

Cross-culturel research has confirmed the expectation that some emotional responses are quite similar in children from very different cultures A team of researchers wished to determine how 11 mounth old infants from the U.S./Japan/China display anger and fear

This study demonstrated important cross-culturel consistency, (behavioral responses) were similar, however, those facial expressions were not consistently different for fear and anger , Children’s ability to display distinct facial expressions for negative emotions emerges after the first year of life…. there were also subtle differences among the facial expressions for the infants from the three countries For example U.S. children were more likely to produce facial expressions that combined lowered eye brows and a cry mouth when compared with their chinesee peers.

Such results suggest that culture acts very early in life to have an impact on emotional responses
İnfants also perceive facial expressions….

Are emotional expressions Universal?
According to Paul Erkman the laeding researcher on the nature of facial expresions, all people share an overlap in facial language There is considerable evidence that these seven expressions are recognized aand produced world wide in response to emotions of happiness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, sadness and fear

The general conclusion is that people all over the world regardless of culturel differences, race, sex or education, express basic emotions in much the same way and are able to identfy the emotions others are experiencing by reading their facial expressions

Note that the claim of universality is focused on the basic set or basic seven emotions
Erkman and his colleaques make no claim that all facial expressions are universal or that all cultures express all emotions in the same way

How Does Culture Constrain Emotional Expression
We have just seen that some aspects of emotional expression are universal. Even so different cultures have different standarts for how emotion should be managed Some forms of emotional response even facial expressions are unique to each culture

Culture establishes social rules for when people may show certain emotions and for the socail appropriateness of certain types of emotional displays by given types of people in particular settings

There are culturel norms for emotional expression

The İmpact of Mood and Emotions
The impact of mood and emotion on social interactions As a positive socail glue they bind you to some people, as a negative socail repellent they distance you from others

You back off when someone is bristling with anger and you approach when another person signals receptivity with a smile

İmagine what life would be like your actions had not give rise to an angry response
The moods you experience hav a strong impact on how you function in social settings. Researchers have demonstrated that Positive and negative moods affect the way in which people process information

In particular people in negative mood tend to process information in a more detailed and effortful fashion than their peers in positive moods Mood had major impact on participant’s ability to make correct judgments

Are you more skeptical when you are in sad mood?
One final note about the relationship between mood and cognition: researchers have consistently demonstrated that people in positive moods produce more efficient and creative thinking and problem solving than people in more neutral moods

You can likely to carry out your school work more efficiently and creatively if you can maintain a happy mood

Subjective well-Being
How are you feeling about your life in general? This question adress subjective-well being-,ndividuals overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness. The goal of positive psychology isto provide people with the knowledgev and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives.

Positive Psychology asks this question: can psychologists take what they have learned about the science and practice of treating mental ilness and use it to create a practice of making people lastingly happier?

Much of the research on subjective well-being focuses on trying to determine why some people are happier than others Genetics has an influence An important component peopl’s judgment’s of subjective well-being is the balance of positive and negative emotions in their lives.

Single most important source of happiness is good social relationships
Social support as an important resource for coping with stres.

Theories of Emotion The Physiology of Emotion Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Hypothalamus Limbic System Amygdala Cerebral cortex Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Theories of Emotion The James-Lange Theory of body reaction Peripheral-feedback The Cannon-Bard Theory Emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions: arousal and emotion Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Stress Pattern of specific and non-specific responses that disturb equilibrium Stressors Stimulus event that places a demand on an organism for some kind of adaptive response Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Physiological Stress Reactions
Acute Stress Clear onset and offset patterns Chronic Stress Continuous state of arousal Demands are greater than are available resources Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Fight-or-Flight Response Prepares the body for combat and struggle or for running away to safety Tend-and-Befriend Response Shelly Taylor Females protect offspring and join social groups Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Psychological Stress Reactions
Major Life Events Life Change units (LCUs) Catastrophic and Traumatic Events Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Chronic Stressors Daily Hassles Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Coping with Stress Coping Process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived as straining Appraisal of Stress Cognitive appraisal Primary and secondary appraisal Stress moderator variables Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Positive Effects of Stress
Positive Psychology Goal is to provide people with knowledge and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives Benefit finding Posttraumatic growth Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Health General condition of the body and mind in terms of soundness and vigor The Field of Health Psychology Ways people stay healthy Reasons they become ill Ways they respond when they become ill Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Biopsychosocial Model of Health
Traditional Health Practices Hozho Biopsychosocial Model Link between nervous system, immune system, behavioral styles, cognitive processing, environmental styles Wellness Optimal health Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Type “A” Behavior Pattern Competition, aggression, impatience, hostility Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Type “B” Behavior Pattern Less competitive, less hostile, and so on. Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

A Toast to Your Health Nine year-round resolutions Never say bad thing about yourself Use constructive criticism Gauge appropriateness of your response against suitable social norms Have several close friends Work at expanding and maintaining social support networks Develop a sense of balanced time perspective Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

A Toast to Your Health Take full credit for your successes and happiness Remove yourself from the situation when you feel you are losing control See failure and disappointments as opportunities Seek professional help when needed Cultivate healthy pleasures Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Recapping Chapter 12 Main Points
Emotions Basic Emotions and Culture Theories of Emotion Functions of Emotion Stress and Living Physiological Stress Reactions Psychological Stress Reactions Coping with Stress Positive Effects of Stress Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Recapping Chapter 12 Main Points
Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Model of Health Health Promotion Treatment Personality and Health Job Burnout and the Health-Care System A Toast to Your Health Copyright © Pearson Education 2010

Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. Philip G. Zimbardo, Ph.D.

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