1. Study Guide Answers
Biology Quarter 2 Exam

2. How are plant cells and animal cells different?
Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall while animal cells do not. Plant cells have a rectangular shape because of their cell wall, while animal cells have a more circular or irregular shape due to the lack of a cell wall. Plants have a central vacuole, and animals may have many small vacuoles.

3. Describe the pH scale?
Indicates the strength of acids and bases, 0-6 acid, 8-14 base, 7 neutral

4. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
In the cytoplasm

5. How many ATPs are produced during glycolysis. Kreb's cycle
How many ATPs are produced during glycolysis? Kreb's cycle? Electron Transport Chain?
Glycolysis-2 net ATP
Krebs cycle- 2 ATP
ETC- 32 net ATP

6. What are the four types of organic compounds?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

7. What are the phases of the cell cycle and what occurs during each phase?
G1- cell grows, makes proteins, makes RNA, G1check point
S- DNA duplicated
G2- preparation for division
M- cell growth & protein synthesis stops, all of the cell’s energy is focused on dividing into two daughter cells, Metaphase check point

8. What is the correct sequence for the cell cycle?G1 S G2
M (mitosis and cytokinesis)

9. What is the function of the cell membrane
What is the function of the cell membrane? Why is it considered to be semi-permeable?
To separate & protect the cell from its surroundings; regulates what enters and exits the cell; functions as a gate
Only allows certain substances to enter and exit the cell

10. What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond in which there is an uneven distribution of electrical charges.
Water contains polar covalent bonds.

11. What is the nucleus?
The control center of the cell; directs all cellular activity

12. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest working units of living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells via cell division.

13. What is the function of the lysosome. Ribosomes. Mitochondria
What is the function of the lysosome? Ribosomes? Mitochondria? Endoplasmic reticulum?
Lysosomes- clean up using hydrolytic enzymes
Ribosomes- protein synthesis
Mitochondria- energy production
ER- modifying, packaging, and secreting proteins

14. Where in the cell does the Kreb’s cycle and ETC take place?
Krebs- mitochondrial matrix
ETC- inner mitochondrial membrane

15. What is the equation for cell respiration?

16. If a cell is place in a 15% salt solution and the interior of the cell is 7% salt, what will happen to the cell? What type of solution is the cell in?
Water will exit the cell; the cell is in a hypertonic solution

17. What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water in and out of the cell

18. Do yeast cell undergo cell respiration or fermentation
Do yeast cell undergo cell respiration or fermentation? What do they produce as a result?
Fermentation; they produce: Alcohol, carbon dioxide & NAD+

19. What is the sequence of events for cell respiration?
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

20. What type of cell processes go from high to low concentration?
Passive transport- Ex> moving carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out of the cell
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

21. What cell processes go from low to high concentration?
Active transport- Ex> moving ions and macromolecules
(endocytosis and exocytosis)

22. What are the correct steps of the scientific method?
State the Problem
Research
State the hypothesis
Conduct a controlled experiment
conclusion

23. What is the control in the experiment?
The group not exposed to the independent variable that is used for comparison
Control variablesvariables that are kept the same in an experiment

24. What are the functions of proteins? Lipids? Carbs? Nucleic acids?
Carbohydrates- shorter term energy storage, structure
Lipids- longer term energy storage, insulation
Nucleic Acids—store & transmit genetic information
Proteins—storage, transport, hormonal, regulate cell processes, antibody defense, enzymes

25. What are the monomers of proteins? Carbs? Nucleic acids?
Proteins- amino acids
Carbs- simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose
Nucleic acids- nucleotides

26. What is the independent variable in an experiment?
The variable that is being tested in an experiment

27. What is a hypotonic solution? What does it do to a cell?
A solution that contains a lower solute concentration than is in the cell, more water outside of the cell than inside of the cell; water enters the cell and it swells

28. What is a hypertonic solution? What does it do to a cell?
A solution that contains a higher solute concentration than is in the cell, more water inside of the cell than outside of the cell; water exits the cell and it shrinks

29. What are the function of enzymes?
catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy

30. What is biology?
The study of life

31. What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?
Experimental group is exposed to the independent variable while the control group is not

32. What is the function of ATP? Where is energy stored in an ATP molecule?
Molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular functions; energy is stored in bonds between phosphate groups

33. What 3-carbon compounds are produced in glycolysis?
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

34. What is alcoholic fermentation?
Occurs in yeast when oxygen is not present (anaerobic) , takes pyruvate & NADH from glycolysis and produces alcohol. Carbon dioxide, and NAD+

35. What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
Movement is high to low concentration
Movement is low to high concentration
Down the concentration gradient
Against the concentration gradient
No energy used
Energy used

36. What type of active transport allows large solids into a cell?
Phagocytosis (Endocytosis)

37. What is the equation for photosynthesis?

38. What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light dependent
Light independent (Calvin Cycle)

39. Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
In the chloroplast
Light dependent- in the thylakoid
Light independent- in the stroma

40. What type of fermentation occurs in human?
Lactic Acid

41. What type of fermentation is important in the baking and brewing industry?
Alcoholic

42. What is cohesion? Adhesion?
Cohesion- Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.
Adhesion- Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>Water sticking to the sides of a glass.

43. What is the function of cyclins in cells?
Regulating the timing of the cell cycle
They are the “go” proteins that tell the cell to start the cell cycle

44. What is homeostasis?
The body’s ability to regulate its internal physiology to maintain stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment
Your body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment