1. 8.1 Formation of Solutions
Dissolving
Dissociation: solute and solvent attractions
Dispersion: break down into smaller pieces
Ionization: gain or lose e-

2. Physical Properties of Liquid Solns
Conductivity: dissociation in water can lead to better conductors of electric current
Freezing Pt: solute can lower freezing temp; ex salting roads in winter lowers temp ice to form
Boiling pt: solute can raise boiling pt’ ex coolant in water raises boiling point in car radiator
Heat of Soln
Breaking bonds of solvent and solute (requires E) and dissolving forms new bonds (releases E)
Endothermic: absorbs heat
Exothermic: releases heat
Factors
Surface area, stirring, and temp
increase = increase in dissolving

3. 8.2 Solubility and concentration
Saturated: max amt of solute in solvent
Unsaturated: less then max amt dissolved
Supersaturated: MORE then expected
Factors Affecting Solubility
Polar/ nonpolar: likes dissolve likes
Temp: gas become less soluble with increase in temp
Pressure: gas increase pressure increase solubility

4. Concentration of Soln Percent by volume Percent my mass Molarity
%vol = vol of solute/ vol of soln x 100%
Percent my mass
%mass = mass solute/ mass of soln x100%
Molarity
M= moles solute/ L of solution
(remember 1 mole = 6.02x10 23 particles)

5. 8.3 Properties of acids and bases
Sour taste
Reacts with metals
Blue litmus paper turns red with acid
Properties of Bases
Bitter taste
Slippery feel
Red litmus paper turns blue with base

6. Neutralization of salts
Acid + base = salt + water
Proton donor and acceptors
Acids aka proton donors H+
Bases aka proton acceptors

7. 8.4 Strength of acids and bases
pH scale
0-6 acid; greater concentration H3O+ ions
7 neutral
8-14 base; lower concentration H3O+ ions

8. Strong Acids: ionize almost completely in water
Strong Bases: dissociate almost completely in water
Weak Acids and Weak Bases: ionize or dissociate only slightly in water
Buffers: soln that resistant to large changes in pH
Electrolytes- ionizes/ dissociates when in water; strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes