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Thinking, Language and Intelligence
THREE COGINTIVE PROCESSES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTICALLY HUMAN
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Thinking Is Usually Referred to As Cognition.
concepts solve problems make decisions.
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Concepts are the mental groupings by which we put together similar objects, events and people.
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Without Concepts We Would Need a Different Name for Every Object and Idea.
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Human Beings Organize Concepts Into Hierarchies.
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Mental representations of some sense experiences
Images Mental representations of some sense experiences
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We think by using images
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We Tend to Form Concepts by Developing Prototypes.
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Prototypes Allow Us to Develop Concepts and Ideas From Which We Make Interpretations.
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PROBLEM SOLVING
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What is problem solving?
What must be done to achieve a goal not readily attainable.
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The way we represent a problem determines if we can solve it
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There are three steps involved in problem solving
1. interpretation 2. strategy 3. evaluation
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There are four ways to solve problems:
Trial and error Information retrieval algorithms heuristics
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Trial and error Trying out solutions one after the other until one works.
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INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Retrieving from long term memory
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An algorithm is a step by step procedure which guarantees a solution if it is appropriate for the problem and can be carried out
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Heuristics Are Rule of Thumb Strategies That Allow Us to Make Quick Decisions, but do not guarantee a solution .
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Other heuristic strategies
Means-ends analysis Working backwards
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There are three types of problems:
Problems of inducing structure Problems of arrangement Problems of transformation
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Problems of inducing structure
discover the relationship between the parts of a problems IE
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Problems of arrangement
arranging the parts of a problem to satisfy some criteria.
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Problems of transformation
carrying out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal.
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Creativity is the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in a novel ways
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Sometimes We Cannot Solve Problems Effectively for Several Reasons
Sometimes We Cannot Solve Problems Effectively for Several Reasons. They Are: Confirmation bias Fixation Representativeness Availability Familiarity Overconfidence Framing Belief Perseverance Anchoring heuristic The affect heuristic
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Confirmation Bias
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Fixation (a mental set)
This inability to see a fresh perspective. It is tunnel vision.
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Some People Are Functionally Fixated.
The tendency to perceive a function of an object as fixed and unchanging.
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Representativeness The tendency to define things in terms of the way we see it.
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Availability Basing our judgments and decisions on information that we can immediately recall.
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Familiarity Familiar items are seen as superior to unfamiliar
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There are some other problems with our thinking, one is overconfidence
The tendency to feel sure about our beliefs and to explain away our failures.
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Overconfidence Makes Us Feel That We Are Correct Most of the Time.
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Framing Presentation that effects the way we think and solve problems.
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Belief Perseverance The tendency to cling to our beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.
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The anchoring heuristic
When a starting point influences ones conclusions one makes a suggestion (an anchor) about an issue Your conclusion will not deviate much IF
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The affect heuristic When your feelings affect your decisions
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There are several other limitations to problem solving and decision making. They are:
The gamblers fallacy The law of small numbers The conjunction fallacy
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Dual Processing Theory of Cognition and Emotion
This attempts to explain how emotions affect reason
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DUEL PROCESSING THEORY STATES THAT
WHEN FACED WITH A PROBLEM YOU WILL EITHER RESPOND FAST OR SLOW TYPE 1 OR TYPE 2 THINKING
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Type 1 thinking Fast thinking Impulse, gut response, intuition
Based on emotion IT ACTIVATES HEURISTIC THINKING
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Type 2 thinking Slow thinking Analysis and evaluation
Requires more effort
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Language How do we speak?
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Language is based on units of sounds called phonemes
i.e. t, th, k
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Morphemes are combined to create words that represent complex ideas
I.E. PRE-EXIST
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WORDS ARE COMBINED INTO SENTANCES GOVERNED BY RULES CALLED GRAMMAR
Grammar has two components: 1. syntax 2. Semantics
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SYNTAX Rules that govern how we combine words into meaningful sentences and phrases
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SEMANTICS DESCRIBES HOW WE ASSIGN MEANING TO MORPHEMES, WORDS AND SENTENCES
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transformations Knowing the relationships between words of sentences (surface structure) and its underlying meaning
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According to Chomsky to communicate an idea you must do the following:
1. develop a thought 2. choose words 3. produce sounds
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How Does Language Develop?
There are three theories: Learning theory approach Nativist approach Interactionist approach .
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Process of Language Development
Echolalic Language perception – differentiating sounds to distinguish behaviors Meaning – understanding the relationship between a word and an action Integration of language and thought - holophrastic
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CONT. Language Specificity – One word at a time Two word sentences
Grammatical transformations and three word sentences
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Does Language Influence Thinking or Thinking Influence Language?
The Whorfian hypothesis says that language precedes thought. Piaget says thought precedes language.
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Intelligence What is this? .
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Sir Francis Galton Believed wealthy were more intelligent
Founded eugenics movement .
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Alfred Binet Was commissioned to study why some children were capable of benefiting from classroom instruction and others were not.
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Determine a Child’s Mental Age.
To do this they developed questions relative to reasoning and problem solving. .
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It Was Binet’s Intention to Use These Tests to Improve the Child’s Learning Environment.
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Binet had two fears relative to his test.
1. it would limit educational opportunities 2. it would make people incapable of learning.
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Goddard was a disciple of Galton’s eugenics movement.
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Gave test to newly arrived immigrants at Ellis Island
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Stanford University Professor Lewis Terman Decided to Utilize Binet’s Test.
the Stanford-Binet
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William Stern Derived the Famous Intelligence Quotient or IQ.
Ma/ca * 100.
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IQ’S prove to be problematic in measuring adult intelligence.
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Intelligence tests no longer use IQ.
It has been replaced by a deviation IQ.
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The Wechsler Intelligence Scale Created by David Wechsler
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Wechsler's designed three separate tests for:
Preschoolers Adults Children
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Aptitude and Achievement tests
Aptitude tests measure a person’s capacity to learn Achievement tests measure past learning.
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Is intelligence one ability or several distinct abilities?
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a general intelligence underlying most mental abilities
Louis Thurston
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The Two Current Theories :
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences Robert Sternburg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
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Gardner’s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences
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They Are: Linguistic Musical Mathematical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
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Support for Gardner’s theory
Brain damage may impair one mental ability It’s rare to find a renaissance man Prodigies master only one skill Savants demonstrate one exceptional skill
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Sternburg’s TriarchicTheory of Intelligence
He Identified intelligence From Three Different Perspectives
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They Are: Analytical (componential) – the ability to solve academic problems and judge ideas Creative (experiential) – insight, creativity, inventiveness Practical (contextual) – practical knowledge, street smarts
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Can intelligence be used to predict behavior?
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In Certain Situations General Intelligence Can Predict Certain Things
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They do measure the ability to take tests
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Intelligence tests tests are also culturally biased
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Is there a relationship between intelligence scores and success
IQ’S SIMPLY CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS, THEY DON’T CAUSE IT
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Intelligence correlates to academic achievement because:
Both require the following: Motivation Attention Perseverance Test taking ability
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Is intelligence learned or inherited?
Identical twins raised in different families have similar intelligence scores Also, adopted children have intelligence scores more similar to their biological mothers
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ENVIRONMENT Many believe that genes are just a starting point I
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Intervention programs: can we boost intelligence?
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Milwaukee project of 1961 Could intervention in a child’s family life improve economic and social deprivation?
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Women were split into two groups
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This study prompted J. Vicker Hunts study on intelligence and experience
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Head start has shown to improve cognitive skills in children
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Three Things to Keep in Mind About Intelligence Tests:
Their concern is to enable schools who might best benefit from early intervention. Should not be used as absolute measures. Only reflect one aspect of a person
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