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Mass Society & Democracy
Ch. 24
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Lesson 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Second Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer created a more efficient, cheaper process to make steel Stronger, lighter, and more durable than iron People began using electricity as a form of energy Hydroelectric power stations and coal-fired steam-generating plants powered homes Lightbulbs, made by Edison and Swan, were used in homes Communications Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876 Guglielmo Marconi sent first radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901
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Factories Transportation
Conveyer belts, cranes, and machines could be powered by electricity Electric lights enabled factories to stay open 24 hours a day Transportation Electricity powered streetcars and subways Internal combustion engine fired by oil & gasoline Powered ocean liners, airplanes, and automobiles Orville & Wilbur Wright flew first plane in 1903 st passenger air service
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Assembly line increased manufacturing
Pioneered by Henry Ford Made it faster & cheaper to produce goods Cheaper products more people can buy them demand grows Employment and wages increased Standard of living increases Industrialized nations profited greatly, while others did not Spain, Italy, & Russia provided food and raw materials for industrialized countries Standard of living was lower
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Organizing the Working Classes
Poor working and living conditions led to economic change Workers turned to socialist political parties and trade unions to organize and improve their conditions Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto Blamed industrial capitalism for socioeconomic problems Believed the bourgeoisie (middle class) own and control the means of production, and oppress the proletariat (working class) Believed that revolution was inevitable Proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and eventually establish a classless society
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Socialist Parties Socialism spread in Europe Trade Unions
Some called for violent revolution Revolutionary approach Others wanted to implement socialist reforms within existing democracies Evolutionary approach Trade Unions Workers would organize and strike, or refuse to work Force their employers to negotiate better pay and working conditions Capitalists made strikes illegal, but those laws were repealed
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Lesson 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
The New Urban Environment Majority of population now lived in cities Sanitation and public health improved greatly in reaction to deadly epidemics that ravaged cities Gas and electric heaters made hot baths possible, and aqueducts provided people with constant source of clean water New public sewer system carried waste out of the city Improved housing quality and building inspections made public housing safer
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Reforms created better living conditions in cities
Social structure Wealthy elite made up 5% of population, but owned 30-40% of wealth Diverse middle class Upper middle class- doctors, lawyers, architects, business managers Lower middle class- shopkeepers, prosperous farmers, traders White collar (between middle and working class)- salespeople, bookkeepers, secretaries Working class Farm laborers, domestic servants, sharecroppers, unskilled factory workers Reforms created better living conditions in cities Rise in wages, shorter work days Workers had more money to spend
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Women’s Experiences With the Second Industrial Revolution, there were not enough men to fill white- collar, but low-paid, jobs that were created Women began working Clerks, secretaries, educators, and health services Fewer children are born due to increased economic conditions and use of birth control Families don’t need children to work and help bring in money Increased industrial wages enabled more middle-class families to only have one person working
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Women’s Rights Education
Women fought to be seen as a full citizen with equal rights Own property Attend universities Work in medical field Vote Education Industrialization brought need for standardized education system Giving people the right to vote created a need for better-educated voters Created a need for more teachers Most were women
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Lesson 3: The National and State Democracy
Western Europe: Political Democracy Great Britain Political democracy and social reforms were working well France Established Third Republic after the fall of the Second Empire Elected Prime Minister and 2-house legislature Multiple political parties made it harder to get anything done Italy Little national unity Poverty-stricken agricultural south, and wealthy industrialized north Corrupt and weak government
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Central and Western Europe: The Old Order
Germany was very strong industrial power, people wanted democratic reforms Foreign policy and expansion abroad were intended to distract people from pursuing those reforms Austria-Hungary was threatened by minority groups pushing for freedom, used harsh policies to keep them in check
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Russia began to industrialize under Czar Nicholas II
Working class lived in terrible conditions, but the government repressed any socialist political groups that developed Growing discontent against the czar led to protest outside the winter palace in 1905 Troops opened fire on peaceful protestors- “Bloody Sunday” Workers throughout Russia went on strike Czar is forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative body, the Duma After 2 years he lessened the power of the Duma and again used the military to rule
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United States After Civil War, slaves were freed and given right to vote, but civil rights were stripped away by state and local governments Jim Crow laws- encouraged segregation Poll taxes- had to pay to vote, discouraged people of color from voting Economy shifted from agriculture to industry Very economically successful, but the gap between the rich and poor increased US began acquiring territories abroad Samoan Islands in the Pacific Took control of sugar industry in Hawaii, deposed queen and annexed it Defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War Took Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
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International Rivalries
Germany was most powerful European state, and the balance of power was upset Germany feared that France would create an anti-German alliance Created an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy (1879 & 1882)- The Triple Alliance France created a treaty with Russia, and then Great Britain joined their alliance (1894 & 1907)- The Triple Entente
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The Ottoman Empire began to lose territories as they gained independence
Austria-Hungary and Russia both wanted these territories Bulgaria came under the protection of Russia Bosnia & Herzegovina came under the protection of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia is outraged Serbia is Slavic-speaking, wanted to ultimately have its own Slavic kingdom Russia supported the Slavic Serbians, opposed annexation When threatened with war, Russia knew they were weaker and backed down Everyone is angry Serbs wanted independence Austria-Hungary sees Serbs as a threat that must be controlled Russia is determined to not back down when confronted again Both sides have strong allies willing to come to their defense
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Lesson 4: Modern Ideas & Uncertainty
The Culture of Modernity Writers and artists rebelled against traditional literary and artistic styles Literature Explored role of women, alcoholism, and urban slums Painting & Architecture Impressionist and post-impressionist painters Sought to capture a feeling or experience rather than accurate depiction of the subject Claude Monet and Vincent van Gogh Cubism Used geometric designs to re-create reality Pablo Picasso Abstract Avoid reality altogether, speaks directly to the soul– only colors and lines
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The Sciences Marie Curie
Discovered that an element called radium gave off energy, or radiation Showed that atoms were not just material bodies but small, active worlds Albert Einstein Provided new view of universe Matter and energy reflect the relativity of time and space Sigmund Freud Studied the human mind, and how the unconscious effects human behavior
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Extreme Nationalism Growth of nationalism led to increased racism & anti-Semitism Russia organized pogroms, thousands of Jews were killed Many fled the country Thousands emigrated to the traditional Jewish homeland in Palestine Became home for a Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism Created tension in Palestine, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire Ottomans opposed Jewish emigration
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