1. Organic Chemistry
Carbon Compounds

2. Properties Stability varies Functional Groups Overall, low polarity
Delocalized electrons (benzene) greater stability
Functional Groups
Determines how molecule functions/reacts
Overall, low polarity
If soluble in water, they have a polar group
Can contain acidic/basic groups
Carboxylic acids contain – COOH
Amines (bases) contain – NH2, -NHR, or –NR2

3. Organic Nomenclature
Hydrocarbons

4. Hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain Hydrogen (H) and Carbon (C) in some ratio.
3 Major Categories
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

5. Alkanes Saturated Hydrocarbons Basic Naming – Root + -ane
Contain the most bonds possible
C-C and C-H bonds are strong
Unreactive (will combust)
Basic Naming – Root + -ane
Root tells how many carbons
(#C x 2) + 2 = # of Hydrogens

6. Carbon Roots Meth- Hex- Eth- Hept- Prop- Oct- But- Non- Pent- Dec-
Roots are NOT the same as covalent prefixes!
Meth-
Hex-
Eth-
Hept-
Prop-
Oct-
But-
Non-
Pent-
Dec-

7. Examples CH4 – Methane C2H6 – Ethane 1 Carbon (Meth-)
(1x2)+2 = 4 Hydrogens (-ane)
C2H6 – Ethane
2 Carbons (Eth-)
(2 x 2)+2 = 6 Hydrogens (-ane)

8. Structural Isomers Straight-chain hydrocarbons
Branched-chain hydrocarbons
Cycloalkanes (rings)
Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings)
Geometric Isomers – Alkenes/Alkynes only

9. Practice - Names
C7H16
C3H8
C5H12
C9H20

10. Practice - Formulas
Octane
Butane
Propane
Hexane

11. Substituted Hydrocarbons
Compounds where one or more of the hydrogens have been substituted with something else
Halogen substitute
Formula change -X (ex. CH3Cl)
Name change add prefix (ex. Chloromethane)
Alcohol substitute
Formula change -OH (ex. CH3OH)
Name change -ol (ex. Methanol)

12. Substituted Hydrocarbons cont.
Ether R-O-R
Carbonyl C=O
Aldehyde R-CHO
Ketone R-COR
Carboxylic Acid –COOH
Ester R-COOR
Carboxylic acid + alcohol