1. L.O: Misleading information leading questions post-event discussion.
Eye Witness Testimony
L.O:
Misleading information
leading questions
post-event discussion.

2. Watch the following video clip and answer the question
Watch the following video clip and answer the question. Keep the question to yourself.

3. How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
How fast were the cars going when they collided with each other?
How fast were the cars going when they bumped each other?
How fast were the cars going when they contacted with each other?

4. 34.0
40.8
39.3
38.1
31.8
Hit?
Smashed?
Collided?
Bumped?
Contacted?

5. Gathering the estimates...?
Drawing a graph of the mean estimates
What is the mean?
What are the advantages of using the mean?
What are the advantages of using mean estimates?
Gathering the estimates...?

6. The Effect of Misleading information on EWT...
Loftus 1974: The smash, bump, collide study
Loftus 1975: Post event info, the Stop, Yield study

7. Loftus 1974 Smash, Bump, Collide Study
Splat Study

8. Can EWT always be relied upon…?
Can EWT always be relied upon…?

9. Picking out of a line up... Pick the bomber...

10. The Bugs Bunny Effect

11. Discuss research into how leading questions can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks)
AO1- Loftus and Palmer 1974 (Smash Study)
Aim:
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
AO3 P E L
Strength- Supporting Evidence
Loftus found that when college students were asked…
This is a strength because…
This study can be considered to be higher in realism as students has experienced Disneyland and therefore would have been less likely to lead to demand characteristics caused by an artificial situation.
Weakness; Low External Validity
This is an issue because…
On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because…
Strength; Real-life application
This has been useful in police interviewing techniques because…
This has further positive implications for the economy because…

12. Loftus Barn Study 1975
Aim: To investigate whether post-event information can alter the accuracy of an EWT
Research Design: Independent Groups (control and experimental)
Materials: Film of events leading up to a car accident, with a stop sign and no barn
IV: The question whether it included the misleading barn info or not
DV: % who reported seeing a barn.
Procedure:
All watched events leading up to a car accident, and were then questioned in 2 groups.
Control group: real info; questions about what they saw ; ‘how fast was the white sports car going when is passed the stop sign?’
Experimental Group : misleading info; ‘how fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn while going along the country road?’
Type of Data: Quantitative
Findings:
Control group: 3% reported seeing a barn.
Experimental Group: 17% reported seeing a barn
Conclusion:
Those given misleading info post-event had absorbed it with their original memory of the event and believed that they actually saw the barn.

13. Evaluation points so far...?
Validity...?
Demand characteristics...?
Consequentiality...?
Ethics...?

14. Discuss research into how post-event discussion can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks)
AO1- Loftus 1975 (Barn Study)
Aim
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
AO3 P E L
Strength- Supporting Evidence
This is a strength because…
This study can be considered to be higher in realism as students has experienced Disneyland and therefore would have been less likely to lead to demand characteristics caused by an artificial situation.
Weakness; Low External Validity
This is an issue because…
On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because…
Strength; Real-life application
This has further positive implications for the economy because…

15. Discuss research into how anxiety can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks)
AO1- Johnson and Scott ‘76 (Weapon Effect) & Christianson and Hubinette ‘93 (real life robberies)
Aim
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
AO3 P E L
Weakness- Contradictory Evidence
Loftus found that…
whereas Christianson and Hubinette found that…
This is an issue because…
But, the Yerkes Dodson Law has been put forward to resolve this which explains that…
Weakness; Low External Validity
On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because…
Strength; Real Life Application
This has further positive implications for the economy because…