1. Unit 10 Test Review
(almost there )

2. 1960s
Presidents:
Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Nixon

3. Domestic: “The New Frontier”
Kennedy’s Presidency
Foreign
The Peace Corps (1961)
Recruited American volunteers to give aid to developing countries
Alliance for Progress (1961)
land reform and economic development in Latin America
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Berlin Wall
Supported West Berlin
Cuban Missile Crisis
October 1962
Most dangerous challenge of the Soviets
Trade Expansion Act (1962)
Tariff Reductions with Europe
Flexible Response
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. along with 100 other nations signed the
Prohibited testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere
Domestic: “The New Frontier”
education
Federal health care
Urban renewal
Civil rights
*Most passed during the Johnson presidency*

4. Johnson Presidency
After Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson took over. One of the first things he did was to expand Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill.
Civil Rights Bill

5. Johnson Presidency Kennedy Tax Cut Bill Increase in jobs
Increase in consumer spending
Long period of economic expansion

6. Johnson’s Presidency: Domestic: “The Great Society”
“War on Poverty”
Office of Economic Opportunity
Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Program
lowered the number of Americans living in poverty
Health
Medicare – Health insurance for 65+
Medicaid – Gov’t paid healthcare for poor and disabled
Education/Arts
Elementary and Secondary Education Act – provided aid to poor school districts
Increased funding for higher education
National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities – federal $ for arts
2 new cabinet departments
Dep’t of Transportation and Dep’t of Housing and Urban Development
Increased funding for public housing and crime prevention
Regulation of Automobile Industry
Environmental
Clean Air and Water laws
Beautify America Program

7. Civil Rights

8. Civil Rights Acts
1964
1965
Segregation illegal in all public facilities
desegregation in schools
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
24th Amendment (NO poll taxes)
Voting Rights Act
Ended literacy tests
Federal protection for blacks voting
Most dramatic in the deep south

9. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Civil Rights Leaders
Malcolm X
Nation of Islam
self-defense: Black violence to counter White violence
Assassinated in 1965
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Stokely Carmichael
Nonviolence
“Black Power”
Economic power
Racial separatism
Black Panthers
Huey Newton, Bobby Seal
Socialist Movement
self-rule
Black Muslims
Elijah Muhammad
“Black Nationalism”
Separatism
Self-Improvement
MLK Jr.
non-violence
Jailed in Birmingham
March on Washington
"I Have A Dream" Nobel Prize (1964)

10. Watts Riots (1965)
Kerner Commission conclusions (1968)
Racism & Segregation chiefly responsible
“2 societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal”
The Watts Riots led to the Kerner Commission conclusions, which declared that two unequal societies (white and black) existed

11. The Warren Court Yates v. United States
(1957): 1st Amendment protects radical speech, even by Communists, unless it presents a “clear and present danger” to safety
Yates v. United States
(1964): required police to inform arrested persons of right to remain silent
Escobedo v. Illinois
(1961): illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused
Mapp v. Ohio
(1963): required that state courts provide counsel for poor defendants
(1966): right to a lawyer when being questioned by the police
(1965): Right to privacy: state cannot prohibit the use of contraceptives (provided basis for later rulings on abortion)
(1962): mandatory prayers in public schools violate the 1st Amendment
Gideon v. Wrainwright
Miranda v.
Arizona
Griswold v.
Connecticut
Engel v.
Vitale

12. sexual themes in advertising, tv, movies
The Sexual Revolution
“Kinsey Report” (1950s)
Premarital sex
Marital infidelity
Homo-sexuality
sexual themes in advertising, tv, movies
Birth Control Pill (1960)

13. Student Protests 1962 – Students for a Democratic Society Tom Hayden
Port Huron Statement
University Students should have a say in decisions that effect their lives
“New Left”
Student Protests
Student Protests continued to grow
Co-ed dorms
Increased student participation in university decisions
Alcohol policies
Anti-War protests
1964- Student Protests at University of California at Berkeley
“Free Speech Movement”
Demanded an end to restrictions on student political activities

14. The Women’s Movement Influenced by Achievements
Increased education and employment of women in the 50s
The Civil Rights Movement
The Sexual Revolution
The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Women’s Liberation Movement
Equal Rights Amendment
Proposed in 1972
Still hasn’t passed
Increased numbers of women in male dominated fields
Business, Law, Medicine, Politics
Gradual
Improvements
in salary
“Glass Ceiling”

15. The Vietnam War Begins…
Was a French colony until it was invaded and occupied by Japan in 1940
Goal: To keep South Vietnam from falling to Communism
Started: During the Eisenhower Administration
France pulled out in 1954, Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel (Communist North, Non-Communist South)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam established in 1945
U.S. helped France regain control in 1950 – worried that Vietnam would become communist
War broke out in 1959, U.S. sent advisors

16. An international peace conference held in Geneva, Switzerland in 1954 made the following decisions:
Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh (led the fighting against the French)
South Vietnam led by an anti-communist gov’t set up by the US and France under
Ngo Dihn Diem
---
ruled as a dictator
Viet Cong (Communist, mostly South Vietnamese, Guerrillas)
Diem was assassinated in 1963

17. Who Supported Who? Soviet Union and China supported North Vietnam
United States supported South Vietnam

18. How did the US react to the division of Vietnam?
Kennedy subscribed to the “Domino Theory”
Continued military aid
Increased military advisors
By 1963, more than 16,000 US troops in Vietnam (support, not combat)

19. Johnson Becomes President: He gained control of the US involvement in 2 ways:
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
“Blank Check”
authorized the president to use “all reasonable measures” to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam
Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to send troops to Vietnam
April 1965: Johnson decided to use combat troops to fight the Viet Cong (Communist Guerillas)
By 1968, ½ million U.S. troops in Vietnam

20. Tet Offensive Results: Who: When: Vietcong and US military
Lunar New Year, January, 1968
Tet Offensive
What:
All–out attack by Viet Cong U.S. military counter-attacked and recovered lost territory
Results:
Vietcong US
Political Victory for North Vietnam & Viet Cong
Military victory of the United States
Anti-War protests gained momentum
Joint chiefs of staff request 200,000 more troops in order to win the war
Johnson wanted to limit further bombing of North Vietnam and Negotiate peace