1. Xavier Querol & Fulvio Amato, IDAEA-CSIC
Airuse-Life+: a harmonized PM speciation & source apportionment in 5 Southern European cities
Xavier Querol & Fulvio Amato, IDAEA-CSIC

2. Eeftens et al. (2012) Atmospheric Environment
MEAN PM10 & PM2.5 LEVELS IN EUROPE
ESCAPE
Eeftens et al. (2012) Atmospheric Environment

3. PECULIARITIES OF SOUTHERN EUROPEAN CITIES

4. Trends of number of AQ zones with PM10 exceedances

5. BaP 2013, Catalonia, NE Spain

6. THE AIRUSE PROJECT AIMS Specific PM mitigation measures
Characterizing similarities & differences in PM sources & contributions across S-EU (5 cities)
Once the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5 are identified, the strategic goal of the AIRUSE project is to develop, test and propose specific (and non) measures to abate urban ambient air PM in S.-EU, to meet AQ standards & to approach WHO guidelines.
Specific objectives
Obtaining harmonized source contributions to PM for AIRUSE cities & to identify those responsible for exceedances of the PM limit values and WHO guidelines
Develop, test and propose cost-effective air mitigation measures for South European countries
Support adaptation of control strategies for reducing PM exposure in South Europe
Specific PM mitigation measures
Street washing & dust suppressants for road dust and deposited African dust
Biomass burning
Industrial emissions (channelled and fugitive)
Strategies from other European countries (LEZ, eco-efficient vehicles, labelling, shipping, biomass burning…)

7. AIRUSE COORDINATION STRUCTURE
Coordinating Beneficiary
Project Manager
Spain
Associated Beneficiaries
Leader B5 D5
Spain
Leader B8 UK
Leader B3 D2
Greece
Leader B2
Italy
Leader B4
Portugal
Milan
Italy

8. AIR QUALITY TRENDS SPAIN 2001-2012
−3.6 to −7.7%/year
−2.8 to −3.7%/year
−2.3 to−4.2%/year
−6.1%/year
−2.5%/year
Querol et al., Science of Total Environment

9. AQ TRENDS SPAIN
−3.8%, −6.4% and −5.1%/year
−3.1%/year
+1.7, +3.0 and +1.2%/year
Querol et al., Science of Total Environment

10. 19/11/2014

11. AQ TRENDS SPAIN
−1.9,−3.3, and−4.7%/year
−2.7%/year
−1.7 to -5.1%/year
−1.7 to -3.4%/year
−2.5%/year
−2.2%/year
Querol et al., Science of Total Environment

13. 2003-2014 PM10 and PM1 source apportionment: Barcelona
See M. Pandolfi’s talk on Wednesday

14. ANNUAL PM10 AVERAGES
FI-AGG
ATH-GAA

16. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
1047 PM10 samples
1116 PM2.5 samples

17. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
Example PM10

18. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

19. Traffic contributions PM10 PM10
VEX (7-23%), NEX (8-11%), SNI (5-18%)
at SUB-UB sites, VEX and NEX are nowadays similar
at the TR site VEX dominates (Maritime climate)
PM2.5
PM2.5
VEX (6-31%), NEX (1-9%), SNI (2-19%)
VEX dominates in PM2.5, except in MLN

20. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
Levoglucosan
PM2.5 K

21. 2013 MEAN
EXCEEDANCES DAYS

22. Thank you very much for your attention!!!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Spain MAGRAMA, GenCat, Barcelona and Madrid City Councils
Italy ARPA-Lombardia, Regione Lombardia, Regional Government of Tuscany, ARPA Toscana
Portugal Porto City Council, North Regional Coord. & Develop. Comm. (CCDR-N)
Greece Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change
Spain M. Brritte Larka, A. Orio, M. Pallares, I. Hernández, A. Cristobal, E. Aulí
Portugal C. Figueiredo (CCDR-N); J. Monjardino (CENSE, Universidade Nova de Lisboa)
Italy F. Forni (Regione Toscana),
Greece M. Lazaridis y Athina Progiou (Project ACEPT AIR)
Thank you very much for your attention!!!

23. PM10 (days of exceedance)
PM10 (annual mean)
36-45% (ATH 15%)
27-34% (ATH 6%)
14-29% (ATH 3%, POR 6%)
BCN 19%, 2-9%
POR 27%, 1-4%
25-35%, ATH 1%, negligible in BCN
BCN 17%, <1-4%
6-9% (1-2% POR & ATH)
3-4% in coastal sites
ATH 52%, 1%
ATH 7%, 1-3%
11-33%, ATH 4%
PM10 (days of exceedance)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 31-38% (ATH 23%)
1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 15%)
1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11%
2. Regional OC and/or SO42- dominated pollution: 14-26% (POR-TR 10%)
3. Local dust : 7-19%
4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, POR & FI (14-24%), in ATH (7%) and negligible in BCN
5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-9%, ATH <1%
6. Non traffic-NO3- 5-8% (2% POR)
7. Shipping 4% in coastal sites
8. African dust ATH 14%, 1-4%
9. Sea salt POR 13%, 3-8%
10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 16-25%
PM2.5 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 28-39% (ATH 22%)
1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3- are the main causes: 25-34% (ATH 17%)
1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2% )
2. Regional OC and/or SO42- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%)
3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6%
4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (10%) and negligible in BCN
5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1%
6. Non traffic-NO3- 3-6% (POR 1%)
7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites
8. African dust: ATH 6%, <1%
9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%,
10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%
32-42% (ATH 11%)
31-40% (ATH 10%)
1-8%
BCN & MLN 11-22%, 2-6%
POR 22%, 1-2%
POR, FI & MLN (26-33%), <2%
BCN 18%, <1-3%
BCN, FI & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR & ATH)
6-10% in coastal sites
ATH 45%, 1%
<1%-1%
POR 15, 3-9%
PM2.5 (days of PM10 exceedance)

24. Querol et al., 2014. Science of Total Environment

25. POR-TR BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL MEAN
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MEAN OF DAYS >50µg/m3 PM10 (BCN >40µg/m3)
PM10
POR-TR
BCN-UB
FI-UB
MLN-UB
ATH-SUB
TRAFFIC
38%(13)
33%(7)
31%(6)
34%(13)
23%(5)
36%(24)
45%(22)
43%(31)
34%(--)
9%(6)
Exhaust
23%
14%
13% 7%
10%
25% 5%
5%(--) 4%
Non-exhaust 9%
11% 8% 6%
14%(--) 3%
TR-NO3-
18%
29%
22%(--) 2%
REG (OC+SO42-)
10%(4)
26%(6)
21%(4)
14%(6)
20%(4)
5%(3)
19%(9)
6%(4)
9%(--)
2%(1.7)
L.DUST
19%(6)
11%(3)
12%(2)
7%(3)
10%(2)
27%(17)
4%(1.8)
2%(1.8)
3%(--)
1%(1.1)
BIOMASS BURN.
14%(5)
<2%(<0.5)
16%(3)
20%(7.8)
7%(1.4)
25%(16)
30%(22)
35%(--)
1%(0.6)
INDUST
4%(1.2)
5%(0.9)
9%(3.7)
<1%(<0.2)
2%(1.2)
17%(8)
3%(2)
4%(--)
nTR-NO3-
2%(0.8)
8%(1.8)
6%(1.2)
5%(2.0)
7%(1.5)
2%(1.3)
9%(4)
7%(5)
6%(--)
SHIPPING
<1% (<0.2)
4%(0.9)
4%(0.8)*
4%(2)
3%(2.3)*
AFR.DUST
1%(0.3)
4%(0.7)
14%(3)
<1%(0.2)
52%(38)
S.SALT
13%(4)
6%(1.5)
3%(0.6)
3%(1.0)
7%(1.6)
3%(1.9)
1%(0.5)
2%(--)
7%(4.9)
*Shipping in ATH includes also heavy oil combustion from industrial plants and maybe some residential oil combustion for heating as well.

26. POR-TR BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL MEAN
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MEAN OF DAYS >50 (40 BCN)µgPM10/m3 (>35µg/m3 PM2.5 MLN)
PM2.5
POR-TR
BCN-UB
FI-UB
MLN-UB
ATH-SUB
TRAFFIC
39%(10)
28%(4)
31%(4)
34%(10)
22%(2.5)
35%(23)
42%(14)
32%(22)
39%(21)
11%(3)
Exhaust
31%
20%
18% 6%
15%
30% 5% 4% 9%
Non-exhaust 1% 2% 3% 7%
TR-NO3-
11%
19%
26%
28%
REG (OC+SO42-)
13%(3)
37%(6)
29%(4)
19%(6)
34%(4)
2%(1.4)
22%(7)
6%(4)
11%(6)
5%(1.2)
L.DUST
16%(5)
6%(1.0)
2%(0.3)
5%(1.5)
5%(0.5)
22%(14)
2%(0.6)
<1%(0.1)
2%(1.2)
2%(0.4)
BIOMASS BURN.
18%(5)
<3%(<0.5)
21%(3)
21%(6)
10%(1.2)
33%(22)
33%(23)
26%(14)
2%(0.5)
INDUST
5%(1.3)
12%(1.8)
6%(0.8)
<1% (<0.1)
1%(0.9)
18%(6)
3%(2)
3%(1.8)
<1%(<0.2)
nTR-NO3-
1%(0.3)
3%(0.5)
4%(0.5)
6%(1.7)
3%(0.3)
1%(0.4)
9%(3)
8%(4.3)
3%(0.6)
SHIPPING
5%(0.7)
7%(0.8) *
6%(2)
10%(2)*
AFR.DUST
1%(0.2)
6%(0.7)
<1%(0.3)
45%(10)
S.SALT
3%(0.4)
1%(0.1)
1%(0.5)
2%(0.2)
<1%(0.4)
1%(0.7)
*Shipping in ATH includes also heavy oil combustion from industrial plants and maybe some residential oil combustion for heating as well.

27. At each site, 3 traffic sources were found
Vehicle exhaust (VEX)
Vehicle non-exhaust (NEX)
Secondary nitrate (SNI), traffic-related share based on EI of NOx

28. PMF profiles vs Experimental profiles

29. Annual means

30. High pollution days

31. 2003-2014 source apportionment: Barcelona

32. AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS (1/2)
ACTION A. Preparatory actions
A.1 Authorities and stakeholders consultation
B1. Documentation of the current status
ACTION B. Implementation actions
B2. Harmonization and implementation of source apportionment using receptor modelling & determination of the impact of:
B7. Developing & testing cost-effective PM measures & strategies
B3. Natural sources
B4. Biomass burning
B8. Applicability of selected measures from N to S Europe
B5. Industrial sources
B6. Traffic related sources
Intensive additional work on inventories, emission chemical profiles, emission factors
C1. Effectiveness of the project actions
ACTION C. Implementation actions
C2. Assessment of the socio-economic impact

33. AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS (2/2)
D1. Project website
D2. LIFE+ Information boards
ACTION D. Communication & Dissemination actions
D3. Networking-Open forum with key stakeholders
D4. Dissemination of project results
D5. Layman's Report
E1. Project Management & Audit
E2. Monitoring of the project progress
ACTION E. Project management & monitoring of the project progress
E3. Networking with other projects
E4. After-LIFE+ Plan

34. HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
DAILY (P90.4)
ANNUAL
PM2.5
ATV (2008/50/EC)
DLV (2008/50/EC)
µg/m3
µg/m3
WHO GUIDE
ANNUAL
ALV (2008/50/EC)
PM2.5/PM10
PM10
µg/m3
WHO GUIDE