1. Macromolecules Chart Notes
Biology - Ms. Spinale

2. Contain the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Carbohydrates
Contain the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Monomer = monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
Examples: glucose and fructose
Function = an energy source; support material in plants

3. Sugars with two monosaccharides bonded together
Disaccharides
Sugars with two monosaccharides bonded together
Examples:
Sucrose = table sugar
Lactose = milk sugar
Maltose = sugar in germinating seeds

4. Polysaccharides
Sugars with three or more monosaccharides bonded together.
Animals convert excess sugar to glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles.
Digested in the mouth by enzyme amylase.

5. Polysaccharides

6. Carbohydrate Indicators
Starch (a polysaccharide) = Iodine
A positive test turns blue/black.
Glucose (a monosaccharide) = Benedict’s Solution
A positive test turns red/orange.

7. Lipids (fat)
Contain the elements C, H, and a little O.
Include fats, oils, and waxes.
Subunits = triglyceride
one glycerol (alcohol) molecule and three fatty acid molecules.

8. Lipids (fat)

9. Lipids (fat)
Functions = cell membranes, high energy storage, make hormones, body insulation
Digested in small intestine by enzyme lipase

10. Lipids (fat) Indicators
Brown paper
A positive test makes a translucent spot on the paper.

11. Proteins
Contain the elements C, H, O, and nitrogen (N).
Monomer = amino acids
Proteins are chains of amino acids used to make hormones, enzymes, and structural proteins.
Function = build and repair body tissue

12. Proteins
Digested in the stomach by pepsin and in the small intestine by trypsin.

13. Protein Indicators
Biuret Solution
A positive test turns purple/pink.

14. Nucleic Acids
Contain the elements C, H, O, N, and phosphorus (P)
Monomer = nucleotides
Nucleic acids make up your DNA and RNA.
We will learn more about these in Chapter 12.

15. Vocabulary Terms
Decomposition - breaking something down into smaller parts.
Macromolecule - large molecule (polymer) made up of smaller monomers linked together.
Mono- - prefix meaning one.
Di- - prefix meaning two.
Poly- - prefix meaning many.

16. Vocabulary Terms
Saccharide - sugar.
Biosynthesis - production of macromolecules in living systems.
Organic - made of living matter; composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
Monomer - smaller, single subunit of a macromolecule.

17. Vocabulary Terms
Dehydration synthesis - formation of macromolecules when monomers are linked together and release a water molecule.
Hydrolysis - breakdown of macromolecules by adding in water.