1. The structure and Function of Macromolecules

2. Carbon: the primary ingredient
Elements in organic compounds = C,H,N,O,P,S
Carbon forms 4 bonds
Can form chains or rings
Can form single, double, or triple bonds
Extremely versatile

3. Macromolecules defined…
Large – made of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules
4 Classes: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
Essential for life
Most are polymers (long chains of covalently-bonded building blocks called, “monomers”)

4. Carbohydrates

5. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, and O Source of energy
Sometimes for structure
Monomer building blocks are sugars called “monosaccharides”
Monosaccharides combine to form Polysaccharides
Glycogen (in animals), Starch and Cellulose (in plants)

6. Lipids

7. Lipids Mostly H and C Energy storage Waterproof coverings
Biological membranes
Glycerol and fatty acids
Saturated – single bonds between C’s, solids at room temperature
Unsaturated – at least one double bond between C’s, liquids at room temperature

8. Nucleic acids

9. Nucleic acids Contain C, H, O, N, P Nucleotide monomers
5-Carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
Store and transmit genetic information
2 Kinds: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Single vs. double strand
Deoxyribose vs. Ribose sugar

10. Proteins

11. Proteins Made of C, H, O, and N Polymers of Amino Acids
20 kinds of amino acids
Contain amine group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
“R group” side chains give unique properties to Amino Acids (acidic, basic, charged)
Instructions for protein is found in DNA
Many purposes: control reaction rate, fight disease, transport, etc.
4 levels of organization: 1. sequence of AA, 2. folds/twists within the AA chain, 3. folds of the chain itself, 4. arrangement with other proteins