1. Macromolecules
Notes
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2. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Uses of Organic Molecules
Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year
Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

4. Uses of Organic Molecules
A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA
A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year

5. Macromolecules - Polymers
A monomer (mono-one) is one unit or a building block.
Polymers (poly– many) are built by adding monomers together.
Biologists call polymers macromolecules

6. Lipids

7. Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic – Hydro- water Phobic – fear of
Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils

8. Lipids Four functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against water loss
3. Chemical messengers (hormones)
4. Major component of cell membranes (phospholipids)

9. Fatty Acids -Lipids are made up of monomer called Fatty Acids
-Fatty Acids are made of C, H, and O.
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

10. Examples of Steroids
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids. You get cholesterol from your diet.
Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids

11. Synthetic Anabolic Steroids
They are variants of testosterone
Some athletes use them to build up their muscles quickly
They can pose serious health risks

12. Nucleic Acids

13. Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information
ATP is another nucleotide. It’s used by cells for energy
Contain information for making all of the body’s proteins
Two types exist --- DNA & RNA

14. Nucleic acids Made up of monomers called Nucleotides include:
phosphate group (PO4)
sugar (C,H,and O) nitrogenous bases: (C,H,O,N)

15. Nucleic acids
The monomers link together to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

16. Carbohydrates

17. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates AKA sugars
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Found in food such as grains, fruits and vegetables

18. Carbs Functions: Short term energy
Cell recognition on the surface of cells.
Cellulose and Chitin provide structure to plant cells or exoskeletons.

19. Carbohydrates Made of Monosaccharides: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6), deoxyribose
ribose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
glucose
glucose
cellulose

20. Cellular Fuel
The food you eat doesn’t just go straight to your cells as energy:
We have to convert carbohydrates into ATP.
ATP

21. Starch Plant cells store energy in the form of starch.
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

22. Cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
It forms cable-like fibrils in the cell walls in plants.
It is also known as dietary fiber

23. Proteins
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25. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

26. Primary Structure Made up of monomers called:
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)

27. Proteins as Enzymes Many proteins act as biological catalysts
or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, and lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

28. Breaking Down Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

29. Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease 2 1 3 6 4 5
(a) Normal red blood cell
Normal hemoglobin 2 1 3 6 4 5
(b) Sickled red blood cell
Sickle-cell hemoglobin