1. South Africa

2. Journal
Three goals I have set for myself and why…

3. Apartheid Origins
Racial segregation was part of South African rule before the term apartheid was in place.
1913 Land Act marked the beginning of territorial segregation by forcing black Africans to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers.
Opponents of the Land Act formed the South African National Native Congress, which would become the African National Congress (ANC).

4. Apartheid Origins
Great Depression and WWII worsened economic state of South Africa. Government tighten policies of racial segregation.
1948—Afrikaner National Party won general election under slogan “apartheid” (literally “separateness”).
Goal was to not only separate South Africa’s white minority from its non-white majority, but also to separate non-whites from each other, and to divide black South Africans along tribal lines in order to decrease their political power.

5. Apartheid Law Three most important blocks of legislation:
Race Classification Act—every citizen suspected of not being European was classified according to race.
Mixed Marriage Act—prohibited marriage between people of different races.
Group Areas Act—It forced people of certain races into living in designated areas.

6. Separate Development
Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 created 10 Bantu (black African) homelands.
Separating black South Africans from each other enabled the government to claim there was no black majority, and reduced the possibility that blacks would unify into one nationalist organization.
Every black South African was designated as a citizen as one of the Bantustans, a system that supposedly gave them full political rights, but effectively removed them from the nation’s political body.
From 1961 to 1994, more than 3.5 million people were forcibly removed from their homes and deposited in the Bantustans, where they were plunged into poverty and hopelessness.

7. End of the apartheid
1964—Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for life on a charge of treason. He became a source of inspiration to people living inside and outside South Africa.
1976—Thousands of black children in Soweto (near Johannesburg) demonstrated against the Afrikaans language requirement for black African students. Police responded and hundreds of people were killed.
Nelson Mandela was released in 1990 and the country elected him leader.

8. A Long Walk to Freedom
By Nelson Mandela

9. Rwandan Genocide

10. Definition
The “deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group.”

11. 8 Stages of genocide
CLASSIFICATION—All cultures have categories to distinguish people into “us and them” by ethnicity, race, religion, nationality, etc.
SYMBOLIZATION—We give names or other symbols to the classifications.
DEHUMANIZATION—One group denies the humanity of another group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects, diseases. Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder.
ORGANIZATION—Genocide is always organized, usually by the state. Special units of militias are often trained and armed. Plans are made for genocidal killing.

12. POLARIZATION—Extremists drive the groups apart
POLARIZATION—Extremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda. Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction. Extremist terrorism targets moderates, intimidating, and silencing the center.
PREPARATION—Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity. Death lists are drawn up. Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. Segregated into ghettoes, forced into concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck region and starved.
EXTERMINATION—Begins, and quickly becomes the mass killing called genocide. It is “extermination” to the killers because they believe their victims are not fully human.
DENIAL—Allows and follows genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses.

13. Rwandan Genocide
April 6, 1994 Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, was killed when his plane was shot down.
Paul Kagame, who was also a leader of a Tutsi rebel group and his associates were accused of carrying out the attack.
Kagame denies the accusations and said it was work of Hutu extremists in order to provide a reason for their well-laid plans to exterminate the Tutsi community.
Government of Rwanda called on everyone in the Hutu majority to kill everyone in the Tutsi minority.
Over the next three months 800,000 Tutsis were murdered.

14. 800,000 killed in 100 days.
333 and 1/3 murders per hour / 5 ½ lives terminated every minute.
Most killings occurred in the first three or four weeks.
Add to the death toll the uncounted who were maimed but did not die of their wounds, and the systematic and serial rape of Tutsi women.

15. What is this Hutu/Tutsi thing?

16. Preparing to Read Ntarama church massacre
We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families—Chapter 2
Provides additional information about the Ntarama church massacre.

17. Your Homework 3.5 We wish to inform you… chapter 2 worksheet
Begin watching Hotel Rwanda and identifying how the Rwandan genocide follows the 8 Steps of Genocide.