1. AP Chemistry Zumdahl Notes, 9th ed.
A Brief Collection of notes, Chapter 1
Feel free to open these files and annotate as you feel the need…this is
for your success.

2. Chapter 1: chemistry overview
Scientific Method: realize need to modify as needed
Units of Measurement
SI: kg, m, s, K, amperes, mole, candela
Prefixes: see page 10: exponents from 18 to -18
Uncertainty: last number is estimated, such as amount between two lines of a buret; if mL, then the 20.1 are certain, and the 5 is uncertain; all four are significant figures
Precision/accuracy
Errors: two types
Random error (indeterminate): such as bad estimation or poor technique
Systematic error (determinate): all readings high or low, such as something improperly tared for weighing

3. Chapter 1: chemistry overview
Significant figures and calculations
Nonzero integers are always significant
Zeroes: three types
Leading: preceding: not significant, denote start of number/location of decimal point
Captive: in between, always significant
Trailing: at right end of number, always significant if there is a decimal point, as define precision of measurement
Exact numbers: if a whole number of something, such as 14 eggs, considered exact number, with an infinite number of significant figures
Be thoughtful…think scientific notation where possible and reasonable…may make it easier to think in terms of sig figs!
In calculations, perform operations, then round to correct number

4. Chapter 1: chemistry overview
Dimensional analysis: aka factor label method…allows one to set up string of multiplication and have units “make sense” at the end!
Temperature: think either Kelvins (K) or Celsius (°C) as appropriate
K= °C
If you need to convert Fahrenheit into Celsius, google or derive it, as needed
Density: watch units
Classification of matter
Solids, liquids, gases
Mixtures: homogeneous, heterogeneous, solutions, pure substances
Physical and chemical changes
Separation: distillation, filtration, chromatography,