1. Ch.16 Science and religion

2. What were the characteristics of the early modern period?

3. Early Modern period
Christianity achieved global presence for the 1st time.
Permanent tension between religion and science in the W world
Scientific Revol.; science became part of global modernity
Christ.& science connected distant peoples
Main actors: the Europ.

4. Where was Christ. located by 1500?
How was Christianity inside Europe?

5. a) Christianity Mainly in Europe
Outside Europe: small Christ. communities in Egypt, Ethiopia, S India & Central Asia.
Division of Christ.: Catholicism & Orthodoxy
Christ. threatened by Islam
1300: lost of the Holy Land
1453: fall of Constantinople
1529: Ottoman Empire siege of Vienna

6. What were the causes of Protestant Reformation?
How did it start?

7. Protestant Reformation
Causes
Corruption of Church; the wealth of the Church.
Immoral life of clergy & their lack of education
Sale of indulgences

8. Baroque Churches

10. Prot. Reformation
Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Cathedral of Wittemberg
Salvation: through faith alone, not good works
Questioned the role of clerical hierarchy
Ultimate authority: the Bible( not the Church)
Larger role to indiv. conscience.

11. What was the consequence/effect of the Protestant Reformation
What was the consequence/effect of the Protestant Reformation? Who adhere to it? Why?

12. The effects of the Protestant Reform.
Massive Schism within the Catholic Church.
1) Some monarchs adhered to Lutheranism to be indep. from the papacy.
2) Middle class: new legitimacy
3)commoners: a way to protest against the social order
d) 1520s: Peasant revolts
e) Later conseq: the 30yrs. war

13. The effects of Protestant Reform.
f) Women attracted to Protestantism, but not greater role in Church or society. Mary & other female saints’ veneration ended Closed convents Quakers: the only ones who gave women an official role in their churches.

14. How did the Reformation spread
How did the Reformation spread? What other Protestant branches were formed?

15. Reformation' spread Printing press( J. Gutemberg)
New Testament –was translated in German
Other Protestant branches
Calvinism: predestination
Anglicanism: England( Henry VIII): salvation=same as Catholic Church.
Zwinglianism: Zwingli, Switzerland

16. What religious conflicts Europe faced?

17. Catholic Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent: ; its decisions
Corrected the abuses & corruption that the Catholic Church was accused of.
Priests had to have more yrs. of education & more supervision.
Practice of indulgences: not sold anymore, but given in exchange of prayers, pilgrimages.
Renew spirituality & piety.
New religious orders whose role was to renew & expand the Catholic Church( E.g. Society of Jesuits)

18. What was the long-term conseq. of Reformation
What was the long-term conseq. of Reformation? (toward authority, traditions?)

19. French Wars of Religion 1562-1598
Catholic vs. Huguenots
24th of Aug “ The Night of St. Bartholomew” –massacre of thousands of Huguenots
1598: Edict of Nantes: Henry IV granted relig. toleration to Protestants.

20. What was the cause of the 30 yrs. war? What was the consequence?

21. 30 Years War ( )
Catholic –Protestants fights in the Holy Catholic Empire
15-30 % of German popul. was killed
1648: Peace of Westphalia-each state is sovereign & has the right to choose its own religion.