1. Organic Molecules
Chapter 6, section 4

2. Carbon Body is mostly made up of water and organic compounds
Anything made up of carbon is called ORGANIC
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (form different arrangements of atoms: straight, branched, rings)

3. 4 types of organic compounds in ALL living things
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic Acids

4. Isomer- compound that have the same chemical formula but different structures (different structures mean different chemical and physical properties)

5. Cells make macromolecules (small compounds + small compounds)
1) polymer= large macromolecule consisting of
repeated linked units
2) monomer= each subunit, building block of
polymers

6. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates- organic molecule made of C, H, and O
2 Hydrogen for each Oxygen
Ex. Starches, sugars, cellulose
Key function to store and provide energy

7. Exist as Mono, Di, or Polysaccharide
A) Monosaccharide- simple sugar
ex. Glucose (major source of energy in cells) and fructose
C) Polysaccharide-complex sugars made of 3 or more sugars
ex.
Starch (plants store food as
starch)
Glycogen (stored in liver
and muscles for quick energy)
Cellulose (structural support
for plants)
B) Disaccharide- double sugar, two monosaccharides
Ex. ex. Sucrose (table sugar)= Glucose + Fructose

8. Lipids Lipids- nonpolar molecules that CAN NOT dissolved in water
Contains C, H, and O
More Hydrogen than Carbohydrates
Key function to store energy, make up cell membranes, insulate/protect/ and make hormones
Lipid= 3 fatty acids (long chain of carbons with hydrogen atoms attached) AND glycerol (alcohol with 3 carbon atoms)
Commonly called fats and oils

9. Two kinds of Lipids 1) Saturated- lipids with single bonds
Solid at room temperature
Come from animal products
Known as fats
2) Unsaturated- lipids with double bonds
Liquid at room temperature
Come from plant products
Called oils
**Some lipids are used as a
protective coating (sea birds/ ducks/plants)**

10. Protein Proteins- large polymer of C, H, O, N and S
Amino acids- building blocks of proteins
- 20 amino acids
- peptide bonds= bonds that form between amino acids
- polypeptide= amino acids bond together to form long chains

11. Key function to build structure and carry out all metabolism
Different sequencing of amino acids result in different proteins being made
Key function to build structure and carry out all metabolism
Some proteins are:
1) Structural (hair and nails)
2) function in transport (hemoglobin)
3) function in movement (muscle fibers
and cytoskeletal elements)
4) defense (antibodies)
5) regulation of cell functions (hormones and enzymes)

12. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids- large, complex macromolecule that stores information in the form of a code
Made up of C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic acids made up of nucleotides
(sugar, base, phosphate group)

13. Examples:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- genetic code (passes instructions from parents to offspring)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- copy and transfer genetic information in a cell