1. Solar Energy Commercialization
SEC598S19
Solar Energy Commercialization
Session 24
New Directions:
Smart Grid, Part 02
April 10, 2019

2. Session 24 - Value to class members
Continued discussion of the concept of the “smart grid.”
Definition and examples of some of the components of a smart grid

3. Session 23 – Resources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid
M.Vadari, Smart Grid Redefined: Transformation of the Electric Utility, Artech House, 2018

4. Smart Grid - Introduction
The smart grid is not just an implementation plan for new technology - it is a “complete business transformation for electric utilities requiring changes to people and processes.” (Vadari)

5. Smart Grid - Features
The Smart Grid is characterized by these three features (Vadari):
The ability to sense and understand the state of the network
The ability to control devices in the field to alter the state of the network, if necessary
The ability to use decision-support tools to allow the sensed information to be converted into controls

6. Smart Grid – Energy Value Chain
Distribution
Distributed Energy (DERs, Storage)
Retail Markets
Distribution Grid Control (T&D Automation, Data Analytics, Advanced Operations)
Distribution Grid (Microgrids)
Consumer/Home (DR&EE, Smart Meters, EVs, Smart Homes)

7. Smart Grid – Components
Demand Response and Energy Efficiency
Allowing both utility and customers to partner in supply-demand actions
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
Managing and controlling local resources by a variety of computing and automation tools
Energy Storage
Changing the relationship between generation and consumption
Electric Transportation
Altering both the transportation platform and the fueling infrastructure
Data Analytics
Converting data collected from meters, sensors, etc. in the field into actionable intelligence for use by the utility and prosumers

8. Demand Response and Energy Efficiency
Allowing both utility and customers to partner in supply-demand actions
(Vadari)

9. Demand Response and Energy Efficiency
(Vadari)

10. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
Management and control of local resources with computing and automation tools
Most DERs are generally considered to be renewable electrical energy resources deployed in a local and distributed fashion:
Rooftop solar
Community solar projects
Small wind farms
Biomass projects
Fuel cell projects
Hydrogen powered ICEs
Exceptions to the renewable resource rule:
Diesel (or natural gas) gensets
Stirling engines
Hybrid systems
Combustion turbines

11. DERs
(Vadari)

12. DERs
(Vadari)

13. Business challenges for DERs (Vadari)
Utility perspective
Reduced revenues (Load defection, Grid defection)
Consumer becomes a Prosumer (Producer+Consumer)
Grid reliability and volatility – utility control
Investor perspective
Investor in technology
Investor in new services
Customer perspective
Value of solar and fair compensation
Measurement and control technologies
Aggregation (CCAs)

14. Changing the relationship between generation and consumption
Energy Storage - BESS
Changing the relationship between generation and consumption
Terminology
Capacity – Amount of energy that can be stored (MWh)
Charging - Conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy
Discharging - Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy
Charge rate (or Discharge rate) – Rate of energy conversion, expressed as C/N, where C is the battery capacity and N is the number of hours to complete the charging process. Related to battery power
Depth of Disharge (DoD) – Portion of energy discharged compared to fully charged battery
State of Charge (SoC) - Portion of energy remaining in partially discharged battery
Cycle – One roundtrip charge-discharge sequence
Energy Density – Capacity per unit volume (MWh/m3)
Ramp rate – Rate at which power output can be changed (MW/sec)

15. Energy Storage Applications in the Smart Grid Providing peak power
Providing back-up power
Peak shaving for residential and non-residential customers
Offset liabilities of DERs
Providing ancillary services
Frequency regulation
Power factor
Mitigating congestion

16. Business case for BESS (Vadari)
Energy Storage
Business case for BESS (Vadari)
Utility perspective
Front-of-meter applications listed before
Potential development for Virtual Power Plants
Non-wire alternative (NWA) applications
Investor perspective
Investor in technology (even if speculative)
Investor in implementation (type of service less risky)
Customer perspective
C&I – peak shaving
Residential – reduction of demand charges; net-zero applications
Backup or stand-alone systems

17. Energy Storage
(Vadari)

18. Electric Transportation – Value Proposition
Altering both the transportation platform and the fueling infrastructure
(Vadari)

19. Electric Transportation - Charging
(Vadari)

20. Electric Transportation
(Vadari)

21. Electric Transportation – PEV Loading
(Vadari)

22. Electric Transportation – V2G
(Vadari)

23. Data Analytics
The techniques and processes of converting data from the field into action
A smart grid employs information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize the generation, distribution, and consumption of electricity
Data analytics is widely used in:
Hotel and airline frequent flyer programs
Airline route planning, ticket selling, seat management
Internet search engine optimization
Internet advertisements
Online purchasing

24. Data Analytics
(Vadari)

25. Data Analytics
(GTM)

26. Data Analytics
(Vadari)

27. Data Analytics (