1. A Vitamin for Autophagy
Mario Fabri, Robert L. Modlin 
Cell Host & Microbe 
Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages (September 2009)
DOI: /j.chom
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Model for the Role of Autophagy in the Vitamin D-Dependent Induction of Antimicrobial Responses in Humans
TLR2/1 ligation induces IL-15, leading to the upregulation of the VDR and CYP27b1. CYP27b1 hydroxylates the inactive form of vitamin D (25D3) into the active form (1,25D3), which mediates the upregulation of antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin (Cath.) and (together with induction by IL-1) human β-defensin 2 (DEFB4). As shown by Yuk et al., cathelicidin also induces autophagy and colocalizes with M. tuberculosis in autophagolysosomes, leading to killing of the bacterium. Lysosomal ubiquitin-derived peptides contribute to antimicrobial activity.
Cell Host & Microbe 2009 6, DOI: ( /j.chom )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions