1. NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM
America: Past and Present
Chapter 9

2. Expansion and Migration
American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815
Land perceived as rich, unsettled
Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

3. Extending the Boundaries
John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824
Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to Pacific
Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi River

4. North America, 1819

5. Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal
Indian Removal policy begins after 1815
Some Indians retain tribal homelands
Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders
Former Indian land sold to speculators

6. Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In
By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians
Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit
Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt
Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centers

7. The People and Culture of the Frontier
West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil
Settlers bring culture with them
Cooperation, strong community necessary for survival
Land values rise rapidly in a few years
Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell out and move on

8. A Revolution in Transportation
Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways
After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation network

9. Roads and Steamboats
National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia
Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs
Roads useful but unprofitable

10. Roads and Steamboats (2)
Network of rivers encourage economic development
Flatboats transport down river early
Steamboats transport upriver after 1811
Upriver capabilities reduce costs
Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to establish safety regulations

11. The Canal Boom
Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825
Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically
Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

12. Emergence of a Market Economy
Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers
Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture

13. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture
Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer
Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit
Market stimulates specialization
Ohio Valley produces wheat
Lower South produces cotton

14. Commerce and Banking
Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing
Farmers borrow on future crops
Use of credit stimulates banking
State banks increase after 1812
1816--Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks
Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

15. Early Industrialism Rise in manufacturing after 1812
Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” system
“putting-out”--merchants deliver raw materials for farm families, artisans to process
Textile industry leads development of factory system

16. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812
Politics a one-party system after 1812
Interest groups no longer take differences into the political arena
Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant to domestic economy
Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by deciding crucial cases

17. The Republicans in Power
Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812
1815: establish high tariffs
1816: charter a national bank
federal aid for internal improvements
Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter
Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts
Efforts provoke sectional conflict

19. Monroe as President
James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820
Monroe seeks national harmony
Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes president above such matters
Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

21. The Missouri Compromise: The Issues
1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state
Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives
House rejects unless slavery abolished
South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states

22. The Missouri Compromise: The Solution
Missouri admitted as slave state
Maine admitted as free state
Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36E30'
Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North and South

23. The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

24. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
John Marshall chief justice
Marshall uses position to encourage national growth
Believes Constitution exists to protect the industrious
Protects individual property rights against government interference
Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of the states

25. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine
When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics
European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious
France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies
Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America

26. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2)
Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence
1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere
Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs
Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

27. The Troubled Presidency of John Quincey Adams
James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him
Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional
Nearly loses election of 1824
A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy
Term of office fails because of fiercely contending sectional interests

28. The End of the “Era of Good Feelings”
There were sharp divisions over how to achieve national greatness
Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give way to a more contentious democratic process