1. Planar Organic Families
Unsaturated compounds
Contain a double or a triple bond

2. Alkenes Name ends in –ene Need to know up to C-4
First 3 are gases, next 1 is a liquid
Insoluble in water (do not form hydrogen bonds)
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g., cyclohexane
Uses = plastics/polymers

3. Aldehydes
Have a C=O bond (carbonyl group) at the end of the carbon chain
Name ends in –al
Need to know up to C-4
Lower chains soluble in water – C=O bond forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules – but solubility decreases as chains grow longer
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g., cyclohexane

4. C=O bond is highly polar so dipole-dipole forces occur between molecules
Higher boiling points than alkanes because of these dipole-dipole forces
Uses = benzaldehyde found in almond oil (gives it its scent)

5. Ketones
Have a C=O bond (carbonyl group) in the middle of the carbon chain
Name ends in – one
Need to know up to C-4
Lower chains soluble in water – C=O bond forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules – but solubility decreases as chains grow longer
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g., cyclohexane

6. C=O bond is highly polar so dipole-dipole forces occur between molecules
Higher boiling points than alkanes because of these dipole-dipole forces
Uses = industrial solvents (propanone = acetone (nail polish remover))

7. Carboxylic acids
Have a C=O bond (carbonyl group) and a C-OH bond at the end of the carbon chain
Name ends in – oic acid
Need to know up to C-4
Lower chains soluble in water – C=O bond forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules – but solubility decreases as chains grow longer
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g., cyclohexane

8. Hydrogen bonds occur between molecules forming dimers
Higher boiling points than alcohols because of this hydrogen bonding
Uses = salts of propanoic & butanoic acid used in food preservation, ethanoic acid used to make cellulose acetate ( photographic film, varnishes)

9. Methanoic acid is in nettles & ants
Ethanoic acid is in vinegar

10. Esters
Have a C=O bond (carbonyl group) and a C-O bond in the middle of the carbon chain called an ester linkage
Formed from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
First part of the name comes from the alcohol (right of linkage)
Second part of the name comes from the carboxylic acid (left of linkage)

11. Need to know up to C-4
First few members are volatile liquids (low bp)
Lower chains soluble in water – C=O bond forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules – but solubility decreases as chains grow longer
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g., cyclohexane
Low boiling points because cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other

12. Uses = fruity smells, ethyl ethanoate is an excellent solvent, polyester is a long chain of esters
Formation of esters is a condensation reaction (not an elimination reaction because no new double bond formed)

13. Aromatics Contain a benzene ring
Need to know benzene, methylbenzene & ethylbenzene
Insoluble in water (do not form hydrogen bonds)
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g., cyclohexane

14. Uses = used to a widely used solvent but is carcinogenic so no longer used
Not all aromatic compounds are carcinogenic – dyes, detergents, indicators (methyl orange & phenolphthaelin), aspirin, ibuprofen etc

15. Methyl orange:
Phenolphthalein:

16. Aspirin:
Ibuprofen: