1. Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt
Chapter 4, Section 2:
Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt

2. Key Terms
Hieroglyphic- drawing or symbol that represents a word or sound
Papyrus-material made from papyrus weed that was used to write on
Pyramid- structure with triangular sides
Sculpture- statue or free standing piece of art made of clay, stone, or other materials
Anatomy- study of the structure of the body and its organs

3. Writing and Literature
Hieroglyphic Writing
Developed early forms of writing by 3200 BC, around when cuneiform was developed in Sumer
Most ancient Egyptians did not know how to write
Scribes- officials who knew how to write
Scribes were valued for their knowledge
With writing, Egyptians could share and preserve knowledge

4. Writing and Literature (Continued)
Papyrus
Similar to paper
Made from papyrus weed
Scribes wrote in ink on papyrus
Easier to write and transport, lasted a long time in dry environment
Egyptian Literature
Teachings, stories, poems, religious texts, histories.
Written on papyrus, carved into stone monuments, painted on coffins
The Book of the Dead was a guide to the afterlife for dead souls

5. Architecture and Art The Pyramids
Egyptians made temples for their gods and tombs for pharaohs with large blocks of stone
At first, tombs for rulers were underground chambers
Then, an architect named Imhotep designed a diff. type of tomb that developed into pyramids
During Old Kingdom, three enormous pyramids were built at Giza
For King Khufu, his son Khafre, and his grandson Menkaure
Khufu’s pyramid was the tallest building in the world for 4,000 years
The famous sphinx statue guarded the pyramids
These projects required thousands of laborers
Egyptians also carved monuments into the sides of cliffs

6. Architecture and Art (Continued)
Painting and Sculpture
A lot of what is known about Egyptian culture is from paintings on tomb walls
These paintings were supposed to give the entombed people all of the objects and pleasures in the afterlife
Egyptians also made sculptures of gods and pharaohs.
They believed a sculpture could replace a mummy to hold a spirit

7. Science and Mathematics
The Egyptian Calendar
At first, they based their yearly calendar off the moon to help farmers
Then they noticed a particular star appeared right before floods came
When the seasons were still off, they realized they had to change to a calendar based on the sun
Greeks added leap years when they conquered Egypt in 200s BC
Egyptians had a solid understanding of arithmetic and geometry
Science
Astronomy (study of stars)
Chemistry- forms of glass, mortar, cosmetics
Technology
Engineering- pyramids, irrigation
Medicine
Anatomy from mummification, surgeries, diseases