1. Classification of medically important bacteria

2. Comparison Between Bacteria And Fungi And Protozoa
Unicellular, Microscopic, Prokaryotic Organisms, Multiply By Binary Fission.
Comparison Between Bacteria And Fungi And Protozoa
Bacteria Fungi & Protozoa
Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Chromosome One Multiple
(Number)
Nuclear Absent Present
Membrane

3. Comparison Between Bacteria and Fungi and Protozoa (Continued)
Bacteria Fungi & Protozoa
Mitochondria Absent Present
Ribosomes 70s 80s
Sterols Absent (Except Usually In Mycoplasma) Present
Cell Wall Rigid Layer Of No Peptido-
Peptidoglycan Glycan (Absent In (In some cases
Mycoplasma) cellulose present)

4. Bacteria can be divided into:
Filamentous Bacteria (Actinomycete) Most capable of branching
True (Euobacteria): Divide by Binary Fission
Spirocheates: Divide by Transverse Binary Fission
Mycoplasma Which Lack Rigid Cell Wall
Ricketssiae, and Chlamydia which are strict Intracellular parasites
Cocci
Bacilli (rods)
Vibrio (coma shape)

5. Taxonomic Ranks Formal Rank Example Kingdom Prokaryotae
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kingdom Prokaryotae
Division Gracilicutes
Class Scotobacteria
Order Eubacteriales
Family Enterobacteriae
Genus Eschirichia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella
Species coli Pyogenes aureus pneumoniae pneumonia

6. The Gram stain, t bacteria into two main groups, is the first step in bacterial classfication & identification. 
Bacteria stained purple are Gram + - their cell walls have thick petidoglycan and teichoic acid.
Bacteria stained pink are Gram – their cell walls have have thin peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides with no teichoic acid.

8. The Gram stain has four steps:
1. crystal violet, the primary stain: followed by
2.grams iodine, which acts as a mordant by forming a crystal violet-iodine complex, then
3. alcohol, which decolorizes, followed by
4. safranin, the counterstain.

11. Is this gram stain positive or negative? Identify the bacteria.

12. Is this gram stain positive or negative? Identify the bacteria.

13. Gram staining tests the bacterial cell wall's ability to retain crystal violet dye during solvent treatment.
Iodine is added as a mordant to form the crystal violet/iodine complex in order to render the dye impossible to remove.
Ethyl-alcohol solvent acts as a decolorizer and dissolves the lipid layer from gram-negative cells. This enhances leaching of the primary stain from the cells into the surrounding solvent.
Ethyl-alcohol will dehydrate the thicker gram-positive cell walls, closing the pores as the cell wall shrinks. 
For this reason, the diffusion of the crystal violet-iodine staining is inhibited, so the bacteria remain stained. 

14. Classification based on
Shape
Gram reaction
Oxygen
Free living & non free living

15. Arranged in Micrococcus
Simplified Classification of Medically – Important Gram-positive Bacteria Free living
Arranged in Micrococcus
Aerobes or clusters
facultative Staphylococcus
Anaerobes
Cocci Arranged in Streptococcus
chains
Anaerobes
Peptostreptococcus

16. Simplified Classification of Medically – Important Gram-positive bacteria
Sporing Bacillus
Aerobes or facultative anaerobes Corynebacterium
Non- Listeria
sporing Lactobacillus
Nocardia
Mycobacterium
RODS
Sporing Clostridium
Anaerobes
Non Actinomycosces
sporing

17. Simplified Classification Of Medically – Important Gram-negative Bacteria
Aerobes Neisseria
Cocci
Anaerobes Veillonella

18. Important Gram-negative Bacteria
Aerobes Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Shigella
enter Klebsiella
obac Proteus
teriae Escherichia
Facultative cae Yersinia
Anaerobes
BACILLI respir leigonella Bordetella
Haemophilus
zoonot Brucella
Pasteurella
francisella
yersinia
Vibrio(curved)
Anaerobes Bacteroids
Fusobacterium
Microaerophilic Camplylobacter

19. Spirochetes Treponema Anaerobes Borrelia
Simplified Classification Of Medically – Important Gram-negative Bacteria
Aerobes Leptospira
Spirochetes Treponema
Anaerobes Borrelia
Cell wall deficient bacteria Mycoplasma
2.Non- free living intra cellular— Rickettsia &chlamydia

20. Capsule Present in Certain Bacteria.
Polysaccharide;
occasionally protein
e.g. Bacillus anthracis
importance
a. Inhibit Phagocytosis
b. Antigenic

21. Study template for bacteria

22. Diagrams Showing The Structure Of Bacterial Cell Walls

26. Microbiology And The Patient
Medical Microbiology – concerned with:
Aetiology (cause)
Pathogenesis (Mechanism of production of disease)
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment of infection
Epidemiology (spread, distribution, prevalence of infection in the community)
Control and prevention in community

27. Laboratory Methods: Collection of specimens
Microscopy Stained Specimens
Unstained Specimens
Culture
Identification of the organism
Tests for Antimicrobial agents serology
Demonstration of Abs

28. 6) Understand the proper use of Clinical Lab.
a) Specimen collection and handling
b) Requesting appropriate tests
c) Interpretation of results of Lab. tests
Correct selection, use, monitoring of anti-microbial therapy
Understand methods of prevention of infection e.g. Vaccine, chemoprophylaxis, hygiene, isolation etc.