1. Animals with backbones
Vertebrates
Animals with backbones

2. Characteristics of chordates:
1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. Notochord
3. Gill slits
4. Tail

3. Most chordates are vertebrates
like the fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

4. Fish Characteristics: Aquatic 2 Paired fins Scales Gills
Ectothermic (cold blooded)

5. Fins

6. Structures and functions:
Feeding: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Circulation-closed, 2 chambered heart
upper chamber is called the atrium, bottom is ventricle

7. Excretion-kidneys remove waste from blood
response-well developed, brain divided into parts:
olfactory-smell
optic-sight
cerebellum-muscular movement and balance
cerebrum-thinking
medulla-internal body organs

8. Most fish have ears but they don’t function well
Lateral line on side of fish picks up motion in water

9. Reproduction: Oviparous-lay eggs (most fish are this)
                                             
Reproduction:
Oviparous-lay eggs (most fish are this)
ovoviviparous-eggs develop inside mother but are not nourished by her (sharks)
viviparous-live young (guppies)

10. Depth is controlled by a swim bladder.

11. Examples
1. Jawless fish
hagfish
lamprey

12. 2. Cartilaginous
sharks
skates
rays

13. 3. Bony fish-Osteichtheyes
ray finned
Lobefinned-fleshy fins

14. Amphibians Characteristics
Live in water as larva and on land as adults
Skin is moist
lack scales and claws
ectothermic

15. Structures and functions:
Feeding:
Young are filter feeders, adults are carnivores

16. Circulation -3 chambered heart
Respiration
Gas exchange in gills when in
the water, by lungs, mouth and
skin as adults.
Circulation -3 chambered heart

17. Response: Well developed brain and sensory organs
Eyes covered with nictitating membrane (protects and keeps eyes moist)
Eardrum is called the tympanum

18. Reproduction: Eggs must be laid in water
Male squeezes eggs out of female’s body and then fertilizes them (external)

19. Examples of amphibians
1. Frogs and toads-lose their tail

20. 2. Salamanders-keep their tails

21. 3. Caecililian-legless, (lives in the tropics)

22. Importance in the world
poisonous (advertise with bright colors)
eat insects that damage crops

24. Also: heart, lungs, spleen
Mesentery

25. Reptiles
Characteristics
Dry scaly skin
Larger lungs

26. Terrestrial eggs
Ectothermic

27. Feeding-some herbivores, some carnivores
Respiration-use lungs only, no gills

28. Internal transport-3 chambered heart except crocodiles and alligators have 4
Excretion-secrete dry waste to conserve water

29. Response-senses are well developed, brain is larger than fish and amphibians
Reproduction-internal fertilization
Molting-shedding of skin

30. Examples of reptiles:
1. Tuatara-found only in New Zealand

31. 2. Lizards and snakes
Pit vipers-detect prey with heat sensitive pits on head

32. Toxins-hemotoxins, neurotoxins

33. 3. Crocodiles and alligators
Alligators live in fresh water only, crocodiles in both

34. 4. Turtles and tortoises Shell is part of skeleton
generally turtles like water, tortoises land

35. Birds Characteristics: Covered with feathers legs covered with scales
Front limbs modified into
wings
All are endothermic

36. Feather types:
Contour-large flight feathers

37. Down feathers- found underneath, insulate

38. Powder feathers-produce
powder that keeps bird
waterproof
Filoplumes- maneuver
contour feathers
Bristles-around eyes for protection

39. Structures and functions:
Feeding-large amounts of food are required for flight and body temperature. Have a crop for storage of food and a gizzard for grinding.

40. respiration-they have
several air sacs as well
as lungs

41. circulation-4 chambered heart
excretion-similar to reptiles,
most of the water is retained

42. Response-a bird has a large brain for its body size
Senses are well developed
behaviors-nesting, migration, care of young
Songs and displays used in courtship and declaring territory

43. Preening-preen gland located at base of tail used to waterproof feathers
Flight-hollow bones, air sacs, strong pectoral muscles, wings, feathers

44. Reproduction-very high survival rate
Internal fertilization
Most incubate eggs and care for their young

45. Feet flightless-broad flat feet perching-long toes to wrap
around branches
water birds-webbed feet
birds of prey-claws (talons)

46. Beaks tell what they eat
Bird of prey
Insect eaters

47. Digs for worms in mud
Others may have scoops

48. Importance of birds:
Pollination of flowers and
dispersal of seeds

49. Feathers used for warmth and beauty

50. Eaten for food
Control of insects

51. Mammals Characteristics: endothermic fur or hair
mammary glands to nurse young
live birth

52. Structures and functions:
Feeding: a lot of food is required to maintain body temperature
Carnivores-sharp tearing teeth
Herbivores-flat grinding teeth

53. Respiration-lungs moved by diaphragm
Circulation-4 chambered heart
Nervous/response-mammals have a highly developed brain

54. Examples: 1. Monotremes-egg laying mammals
duck bill platypus, spiny anteater, found in Australia only

55. 2. Marsupials-pouched mammals - kangaroos, koalas, opossums

56. 3. Placental-nutrients and waste exchanged through the placenta
a. insectivora-shrews, hedgehogs, moles

57. b. Chiroptera-bats

58. c. xenarthrans-without teeth sloth, anteater, armadillo

59. d. Rodentia-gophers, rats, mice, beavers, squirrels

60. e. Lagomorpha-rabbits, hares, pikas

61. f. Carnivora-dogs, cats,
bears, seals

62. g. Cetacea-whales, dolphins, porpoises

63. h. Sirenia-manatees (sea cows)

64. i. Arteriodactyla-even toed sheep, goats, giraffes, pigs

65. j. Perissodactyla-have odd number of toes
horses, zebras, rhinos, tapirs

66. k. Proboscidea-trunks elephants

67. l. Primates- monkeys, apes, humans