1. Characteristics of Chemical Substances
WATER
Polar – has a positive and a negative end.

2. Water Universal solvent
Expands upon freezing – is less dense as a solid (that is why ice floats)
Capillary action – able to move up a narrow tube because of the attraction of the water to the walls of the tube.
Freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and Boils at 100 degrees Celsius

3. Minerals Inorganic compound, one not made from living things.
Essential for cellular processes – enzymatic reactions, body structure.

4. Minerals
Calcium : Building bones and teeth, nerve and muscle function.
Iodine: Needed for production of thyroid
Iron: Found in hemoglobin, needed for enzymes.
Potassium: metabolism, nerve and muscle function
Sodium: Water balance and bio-electrical conduction.

5. Vitamins
Organic Substances needed by the body in a very small amounts.
Activate enzymes and regulate the release of energy in the body.

6. Vitamins Vitamin A – Eyesight, skin, bones, digestion
Vitamin C- Wound healing
Vitamin K – Blood clotting
Vitamin D – Growth of bones and teeth.

7. Organic Compounds CARBOHYDRATES
Building Blocks: Monosaccharides (sugar)
Glucose, sucrose, cellulose, chitin, starch.

8. Carbohydrates
FUCTIONS
Energy supply
Fiber - cellulose

9. Lipids Building Block: Fatty acids / glycerol
Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids

10. Lipids Component of cell membrane Energy storage
Functions
Component of cell membrane
Energy storage
Saturated fat = heart problems

11. Proteins Building Blocks: Amino Acids
Examples: Enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones

12. Proteins * Structure of organisms * Metabolic Functions
* Only source of nitrogen for the body to make amino acids.

13. Regulation of Chemical Activity For Homeostasis
pH – Acids and Bases
Effects cells and organisms

14. Enzymes Affected by temperature – denature
Affected by pH – denature if to acidic or to basic
Lock and Key model of enzymes
Proteins

15. Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks: Nucleotides
Examples: DNA and RNA

16. Transfer and Use of Matter and Energy
Photosynthesis
EQUATION
REACTANTS

17. What happens to the products?

18. Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts

19. What types of organisms use photosynthesis?
Autotrophs

20. Chemosynthesis
Production of food from inorganic substances rather than from sunlight.
Occurs at hydrothermal vents.

21. Cellular Respiration
Happens in the mighty mitochondria!

22. Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6  +  6O2   
6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  36 or 38 ATP

23. ATP Energy Carrier Molecule Produced during respiration
ATP ADP + P + energy

24. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy