1. Middle Ages

2. What is happening to European Civilization?
Governments: large warring kingdoms
Return to strong central governments
monarchs decrease power of nobles to increase theirs
Society: decline of feudalism 90% still serfs
Revival of cities small, dark, dirty, 5, ,000 people
Growth of middle class– members of the guilds

3. What is happening to European Civilization?
Economy: Agriculture improves
Four new inventions:
Horseshoe- faster than oxen
Iron Plow- good in the dense soil
Windmill- grinds grain faster
Three field system- more land cultivated
More food- more people…

4. What is happening to European Civilization?
Economy: Trade revives
Roads repaired
Coined money re-emerges banking
Church forbids usury Jews become money lenders
Guilds- regulate hours, wages, quality, and training
Fairs- center of trade, grow into towns
Burghers– townspeople

5. What is happening to European Civilization?
Culture:
Revival of education
Est. of universities, train like a guild
Not just in monasteries
Class in Latin
Revival of literature
Vernacular for creative literature

6. Church Problems and Solutions
Loss of spirituality/ discipline- vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience broken
Church reform- led by monasteries and new orders stress spirituality and work
Led by Cluny, St. Benedict, and Dominican friars
Simony, nepotism, and worldliness of upper clergy
(stress care of poor, needy, and sick)
Secular control of the Church
Mass in Latin
Music- to involve people in prayer
Voices cuz instruments were bad

7. Church Problems and Solutions
Romanesque churches had little light
Gothic arch-
pointed arches, high walls, stained glass, etc.
Main form of art in the Middle Ages
Philosophy of Middle Ages based on faith, not reason// superstition replaced logic
Scholasticism- faith through reasoning
Summa Theologica- Aquinas
Wycliffe and Hus suggest reforms
Popes increase political power:
cannon law- church laws
restructure organization
sent diplomats

8. Romanesque

9. Gothic