1. Unit 3
Cells (Part 2)

2. Genes (3.03) Genes Made of DNA They are “instructions”
They tell your body how to make proteins
Gene regulation - process of turning genes on and off
Ensures that appropriate gene is being expressed at the right time
Uses proteins to turn genes on and off

3. Photosynthesis (3.04) Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
INPUT – carbon dioxide, water, and light energy
OUTPUT – food (glucose) and oxygen
Photosynthesis chemical equation:

4. Leaf Anatomy (3.05)
Pass out leaf anatomy worksheet. Students are to read and answer questions.

5. Leaf Anatomy

6. Photosynthesis Rap Video

7. Respiration (3.04 cont.) The process of chemical energy
(glucose) converting into ATP.
Occurs in the mitochondria.
INPUT – Glucose and Oxygen
OUTPUT – Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy!!)
Respiration Chemical Equation:

8. Photosynthesis and Respiration Cycle

9. Photosynthesis Rap

10. Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs

11. Respiration - (3.07) Aerobic Respiration
Uses Oxygen to break down glucose
Makes usable energy (ATP!!!)
Energy is created in the mitochondria
Yields 36 or 38 ATP

12. Anaerobic Respiration
WITHOUT Oxygen
AKA fermentation
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Provides a quick burst of energy
Only produces 2 ATPs

13. Fermentation In animals, lactic acid builds up.
Lactic acid is toxic to cells
Causes muscle fatigue and cramps

14. Fermentation In plants, fermentation occurs in yeast cells.
Fermentation produces carbon dioxide or alcohol.
Dough rises as CO2 is given off Ethyl alcohol is produced when grains ferment
Clothes pin lab to model fermentation

15. C E C
E N Y
L E C
L R L
G E Y

16. Cell Cycle – Asexual Cell Division

17. Cell Cycle – facts to know
Cells divide in order to create two identical daughter cells.
Cells will only divide if the cell is large enough and the DNA is not damaged.
The rate of cell division differs for each type of cell.

19. Vocabulary to know Chromatin – DNA and proteins (Histones)
Chromatid – Half of the chromosome. Chromatids are held together at the centromere, the center of the chromosome
Chromosome – coiled sister chromatids

20. Cell Cycle Interphase a) Gap1 (G1) cells grow b) Synthesis (S)
DNA replicates – double helix separates, base pairs match up. 2 strands of DNA are now in the cell
c) Gap2 (G2)
Cells grow, organelles replicate

21. Cell Cycle Mitosis a) Prophase (P)
Chromatin condense and coil up into chromosomes
Spindle fibers form

22. Cell Cycle Mitosis (cont.) b) Metaphase (M)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

23. Cell Cycle Mitosis (cont.) c) Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate on opposite sides of the cell

24. Cell Cycle Mitosis (cont.) d) Telophase (T) New nuclei form.
Chromosomes uncoil.

25. Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
Animal cells: the membranes pinch close to form two complete cells
Plant cells: a cell plate forms between the two cells

26. Mitosis: The Amoeba Sisters

27. Website to try activity of onion cell: