1. English 1a
Week Six: Session 2

2. Quiz!

3. Parallelism
Parallelism means that similar parts of a sentence have the same structure: nouns are with nouns, verbs with verbs, and phrases with phrases.
NOT
PARALLEL I like singing, kayaking, and to dance.
PARALLEL I like singing, kayaking, and dancing.

4. Parallelism
When joining two or more items with and or or: The party featured a four-foot cake and a singing gorilla.
In comparisons: Taking the train is as fast as driving.
With certain paired words (like both/and, either/or, and neither/nor): Marlize both bakes bread and fixes cars.

5. Parallelism
Ella’s job responsibilities include ____, training, and informing workers of company policies.
A) to hire
B) hired
C) hire
D) hiring

6. Parallelism Henry likes pizza more than _______. A) spinach
B) to eat spinach
C) to be eating spinach
D) to have spinach

7. Parallelism I’d rather be lucky or hardworking than ________.
A) to have talent
B) having talent
C) talented
D) being talented

8. Parallelism That football team has both a good offense and _________.
A) it has a good defense
B) a good defense
C) having a good defense
D) is defensive

9. Organizing paragraphs
They Say, I Say
Four Methods
Pointing Words (mostly types of pronouns)
this, that, those, these, their, such, which, who, he, she, it
Make sure what they are referring to (antecedent) is clear.

10. More on pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns point out specific persons, animals, places, things or ideas.
this, that, these, those
Those dogs are noisy.
This soup is cold.

11. More on pronouns
Relative Pronouns begin a subordinate clause and connects that clause to another noun that precedes it in the sentence.
who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, which, whichever, that, what, whatever.
The man who came to dinner was tired.
The man whom we invited was tired.

12. More on pronouns
Most relative pronouns can also be used as interrogative pronouns. Those begin or introduce interrogative sentences (questions).
who, whom, whose, what, and which.
Which did you prefer?
Who did what to whom

13. Pronouns and Declaration of Independence
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

14. Organizing paragraphs
2. Transitions
Examples: To emphasize a point
again,
truly,
especially
for this reason
to repeat
in fact
to emphasize

15. Declaration of Independence and Transitions
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.

16. Organizing paragraphs
3. Repeat Key Terms and Phrases
4. Repeat Key ideas/Concepts
Shakespeare
Julius Caesar
"Friends, Romans, Countrymen "
Act III, Scene 2

17. The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest – For Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all, all honorable men - Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man. He hath brought many captives home to Rome Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know.

18. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest – For Brutus is an honorable man;
So are they all, all honorable men - Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honorable man. He hath brought many captives home to
Rome Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honorable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know.

19. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest – For Brutus is an honorable man;
So are they all, all honorable men - Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honorable man. He hath brought many captives home to
Rome Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know.

20. "Friends, Romans . . ." What are the transition words?
What are the pointer words?

21. They Say, I Say p 119 #1
Our civilization is founded on coal, more completely than one realizes until one stops to think about it. The machines that keep us alive, and the machines that make machines, are all directly or indirectly dependent upon coal. In the metabolism of the Western world the coal-miner is second in importance only to the man who ploughs the soil. He is a sort of caryatid upon whose shoulders nearly everything that is not grimy is supported. For this reason the actual process by which coal is extracted is well worth watching, if you get the chance and are willing to take the trouble.

22. Caryatid

23. When you go down a coal-mine it is important to try and get to the coal face when the 'fillers' are at work. This is not easy, because when the mine is working visitors are a nuisance and are not encouraged, but if you go at any other time, it is possible to come away with a totally wrong impression. On a Sunday, for instance, a mine seems almost peaceful. The time to go there is when the machines are roaring and the air is black with coal dust, and when you can actually see what the miners have to do. At those times the place is like hell, or at any rate like my own mental picture of hell. Most of the things one imagines in hell are there-- heat, noise, confusion, darkness, foul air, and, above all, unbearably cramped space. Everything except the fire, for there is no fire down there except the feeble beams of Davy lamps and electric torches which scarcely penetrate the clouds of coal dust.

24. Organizing paragraphs
Sample paragraph format Introductory sentence (Negation?) Topic Sentence Quote/example introduction Quote/Detail Analysis of detail/quote Why it matters to this paragraph Transition to next paragraph or closure

25. Handout Assignment 2 paragraphs One using a quote from the passage
Second using a detail
Make a transition between the two

26. Transition Handout Very comprehensive Do the worksheet.
You can assist or get assistance from your classmates.