1. Growth and Development
Dr Shreedhar Paudel
10/03/2009

2. Growth and Development….
Though used together they are totally different
One is quantitative dynamics and next is qualitative one

3. Growth It denotes a net increase in the size or mass of the tissues
Multiplication of cells and increase in intracellular substance
Hypertrophy or expansion of cell size contributes less in the process of growth

4. Development It specifies maturation of the function
Related to maturation and myelination of the nervous system
Indicates acquisition of a variety of skills for optimal functioning of the individual

5. Factors affecting growth and development
Genetic factors
Environmental factors

6. Genetic factors
Phenotypic association- parental traits are usually transmitted to the offspring
Characteristic of the parents- traits of IQ
Race- growth potential of different races is different
Sex- males are taller and heavier
Growth spurt occurs earlier in girls

7. Genetic factors…….. Biorhythm and maturation
Similar age of menarche with that of mother
Similar length of menstrual cycles as of mother

8. Genetic factors….. Genetic disorders
Growth and development are adversely affected by certain genetic disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities eg Turner syndrome, Down syndrome
Gene maturation abnormalities eg mucopolysaccharidosis, galactosemia

9. Environmental Factors
Prenatal period- maternal nutrition, anemia, maternal smoking cause fetal growth restriction
Obstetric disorders- Pregnancy induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, multiple pregnancy and chronic maternal diseases…..
Administration of teratogenic drugs
STORCH [syphillus,toxoplasmosis,rubela,clymedia and HIV infection]

10. Prenatal period…. Hormonal influence on growth Thyroxine Insulin
Insulin like growth factor and hyperinsulinemia
Growth hormone

11. Postnatal period Nutrition Infection and infestations
Administration of hormones
Trauma
Socio economic factors
Socio economic level
Natural resources
Climate
Cultural factors

12. Laws of Growth
Growth and development is a continuous and orderly process
Pattern of growth in children is comparable but the rate is not always uniform
First half of gestation and puberty: accelerated
Second half of gestation and post puberty: deacceleration

13. Laws of Growth…. Growth pattern of every individual is unique
Order of growth is cephalocaudal and distal to proximal

14. Laws of Growth.. -Different tissues grow at different rates

15. Next class Assessment of physical growth Normal growth Growth charts
Developmental milestones

16. Feedback from students
How to improve the teaching learning activities?

17. Take home message
Growth is a quantitative and development is a qualitative dynamics
Genetic and environmental factors play important role in growth and development
Growth and development is a continuous and orderly process
Growth pattern of every individual is unique
Different tissues grow at different rates

18. Thank you
For your attention even in such a tedious topic