1. C3 Flash Cards

2. Measuring Rate of Reaction
To measure rate you need weight/volume & time
Calculate rate from gradient (y/x)
Extrapolation: extend the graph
Interpolation: predict within the graph
Limiting Reactant: the reactant not in excess that is all used up
Reaction stops when graph goes flat

3. Rate of Reaction
Rate of reaction is faster when there is a faster rate of successful collisions
Temperature: particles move faster
Pressure: particles more crowded
Surface area (powder): more particles available to react
Concentration: more particles in the same volume
Catalyst: increase the rate and is unchanged

4. Reacting Masses Relative Formula Mass (Mr)
Add up masses from periodic table for each atom
Multiply out brackets e.g. Ca(NO3)2 means there are 6 Os
Mass is conserved during a reaction
Number of atoms on the left is the same as on the right
Calculating Mass
Work out Mr for the substance your given the mass of and the substance you want to work out the mass of.
Divide the mass of the substance whose mass you are given by it’s Mr.
Multiply the answer by the Mr of the substance you want.

5. Calculations Percentage Yield Atom Economy Actual yield_ x100
Predicted yield
Want high % yield to reduce the reactants wasted & reduce cost
Atom Economy
Mr of desired products__ x100
sum of Mr of all products
Want high atom economy to reduced unwanted products & be sustainable

6. Bond Energy Bond making is exothermic Bond breaking is endothermic
Energy given out
Bond breaking is endothermic
Energy taken in
If a reaction is exothermic: more energy is given out than taken in
If a reaction is endothermic: more energy is taken in than given out

7. Energy of Fuel Using a calorimeter Calculating energy transferred
Use spirit burner
Heat water in copper calorimeter
Measure: mass of water, mass of fuel burnt, temperature change
Calculating energy transferred
Energy transferred equation is given: use water numbers!
Energy per gram = Energy released (J)_
mass of fuel burnt (g)

8. Batch or Continuous Batch: used for pharmaceutical drugs
Can test regularly
Can make in small amounts
Drugs difficult to develop & test so that its safe to use
Continuous: used for chemicals e.g. ammonia
Extracting chemicals form plant sources
Crush plant
Boil & dissolve in suitable solvent
Chromatography
Match melting/boiling points to see if pure

9. Allotropes
Made of the same element but with different structures: carbon
Diamond
Hard so used in cutting tools
Shiny so used in jewellery
No free electrons so can’t conduct electricity
High melting point as has strong covalent bonds
Graphite
Layers so can be used as pencil lead & lubricant
Has free electrons so can conduct electricity
High melting point as strong intermolecular forces
Fullerenes
Spheres to use a drug delivery systems
Nanotubes can attach catalysts to