1. Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Chapters 10 & 11

2. Thinking Concept – mental group based on shared similarities
We organize our thoughts into concept categories; Easy to make quick judgments.
Develop hierarchies for concepts.
Prototypes – best example
Example: Which is a chair?

3. Thinking: Problem Solving
Algorithm – math formula that guarantees a solution.
Heuristic – a general rule of thumb that increases our efficiency; not always correct
Insights – sudden realizations

4. Thinking: Influences
Fixation – Strategies that become mental sets; can interfere with diff. ways of thinking. (Functional fixation – extreme)
Conformation Bias – Unconscious;
-Looking for evidence of truth.
Heuristics – Cause us to form habits
Overconfidence – More sure of ourselves
Framing – way information is worded; tilt our mental images
Belief perseverance – Tendency to stick to original beliefs
Think

5. Language Phonemes – smallest units of sound
Morphemes – smallest units of meaning
Grammar – combination of morphemes and words; Psychology – rules for spoken language.
Examples: Children learn grammar before reading; Some can speak languages they can not read or write
Babbling
Homework: Talking White

6. Intelligence Overview
Intelligence – ability to learn from experience
Several theories (Gardner and Sternberg)
Alfred Binet (French)
Stanford-Binet Test
IQ (Intelligence Quotient) MA/Actual Age x 100 = IQ