1. 13.1 Changing the Living World
Selective breeding-use naturally occurring genetic events to select desired traits for next generation
Hybridization- crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both
Burbank- American botanist to develop 800 varieties of plants
Inbreeding- continued breeding of individuals with similar desired characteristics; has risks
Remember last ch- mutations are the source of genetic variation!!

2. 13.2 Manipulating DNA
Genetic Engineering-making changes to DNA of organisms
Restriction enzymes- cuts DNA at a specific spot so we can analyze it
Gel Electrophoresis- separate DNA; put DNA in gel and electric voltage is added, - charged move towards + end of gel
Recombinant DNA- DNA made by combining DNA from different sources
PCR (Polymerase Chain Rxn)- technique where can make many copies of a particular gene

3. 13.3 Cell Transformation
Transformation-cell takes in DNA from an outside cell, DNA becomes part of cell’s DNA
Plasmid-small circular DNA molecule that foreign DNA binds to
has 1 DNA sequence to promote plasmid replication (replicates new DNA)
Has Genetic Marker-gene that distinguishes between bacteria with plasmid and those without
Plant Cells-use bacterium if transformation successful DNA integrated into chromosomes of cell
Animal Cells- use eggs for transformation or eliminate genes by manipulating DNA to make gene replacement possible

4. 13.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic organisms-contain genes from other species; biotechnology growth
Microorganisms: reproduce rapidly/ grow quickly
Animals: study genes/ improve food supply
Plants: main food supply/ eliminated pesticides
Cloning-member of popln genetically identical cells produced from single cell
Dolly: nucleus of egg fused with cell from adult placed in foster mom sheep, develops normally
Controversial in animals/ people