1. Chapter 2

2. Matter Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Mass is the quantity of matter an object has.

3. (contains protons & neutrons)
Elements and Atoms
Elements are made of a single kind of atom and cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances.
Examples: Oxygen, Carbon
Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, & electrons
Nucleus
(contains protons & neutrons)
Electrons P N

4. Parts of an Atom Nucleus: center, contains protons and neutrons
Protons: positively charged particles
Neutrons: neutral in charge
Electrons: negatively charged, located on orbitals outside the nucleus
Overall charge of an atom is typically neutral due to (+) inside the nucleus and (–) outside the nucleus.

5. Electron Orbitals An atoms 1st orbital can hold up to 2 electrons
An atoms 2nd through 4th orbital can hold up to 8 electrons.
Example: Oxygen 8 (has 8 p,n and e’s)
1st orbital: 2 electrons 8p 8n
2nd orbital: 6 electrons

6. Compounds
Compounds consist of 2 or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds in a fixed proportions.
Example: H20 H H O

7. Bonding Covalent Bonding: when atoms share electrons to bind
Example: H20 O H H

8. Bonding part 2
Ionic Bonding: when atoms bond by transferring electrons for one atom to another.
Example: NaCl
Sodium gives up its one electron from the outer orbital , now both atoms are stable (their outer shells are full).
11p
11n
17 p
17n

9. Water & Solutions
A solution consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Example: plasma (liquid part of blood)

10. Acids and Bases Acids: 0-7 on a pH scale
Taste sour, highly corrosive (stomach acid, hydrochloric acid)
Bases (alkaline) 7-17 on a pH scale
Taste bitter, slippery feeling to them

11. pH Scale Acidic Basic 14 7 Neutral Stomach Acid Blood Milk of7
Stomach Acid
Blood
Milk of
Magnesium
Urine
Vinegar
Water
Intestinal
Fluid
Ammonia

12. Inert vs. Reactive
Inert Atoms: are stable (FULL) on outside orbital, these tend to “look” for other atoms to complete their outer ring
Reactive Atoms: are not stable (FULL) on the outside orbital

13. Synthesis vs. Decomposition
Chemical Reactions: process of making or breaking chemical bonds between atoms.
Synthesis: A + B  AB
Decomposition: AB  A + B

14. Inorganic Compounds: held together by ionic bonds, no carbon either
Water: most important and abundant compound in body. It makes up 60-70% of total body mass. (transports, dissolves, high heat capacity, reduces friction)
Salt: creates ions for body
Acids/Bases: reactions in body

15. Organic Compounds: building blocks, contain carbon
Carbohydrates: sugars and starches, used as fuel
Lipids: fats, phospholipids and steroids
Proteins: basic structural material in body
Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA
ATP (adenosine triphosphate): energy