1. Plants Life Cycle of Plants

2. Nonvascular Plants
Lack tissues used to transport substances like water and sugars
Absorb nutrients through their cells
ex. Mosses, liverwort, hornwort
Small due to lack of root system
Leaves have a cuticle, a waxy covering to help retain moisture

3. Vascular Plants Tube-like structures for transporting materials
Develop from seeds or spores
Absorb water and minerals using their roots
Vascular system transports nutrients to cells and organs of plant

4. Vascular Tissue
Xylem: vessels that move water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
Phloem: vessels that move starch and sugar from leaves to other parts of plants

5. Seedless Vascular Plants
Produce spores
Ex. Ferns, lycophytes, horse ferns
Moist environments, part of lives they’re aquatic

6. Fern Structure
Stems of fern are usually rhizomes which grow underground
Leaves of fern, called fronds, grow up from rhizome and have a cuticle

7. Vascular Seed-Bearing Gymnosperms
Non-flowering
Produce male and female cones
Ex. Conifers: pines, fir trees, redwoods
Gymnosperm seeds are on cone instead of inside fruit
Needle-like leaves and are evergreen- used for lumber and paper

8. Vascular Seed-Bearing Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are enclosed in a fruit
Deciduous- leaves change with seasons
Used in food, cotton, dyes, pigments, medicines, tea and spices
Have roots, stems, leaves,
flowers, and seeds

9. Roots Anchors plant Absorbs water and minerals Stores food
Root hairs increase surface area
Root cap protects growing tip as it pushes through soil

10. Stems Support for leaves and flower Protection
Cambium: increase size of stem
Epidermis: covers entire plant
Cortex: inside epidermis, helps protect

11. Leaves Factories of the plant Use energy from the sun to make sugar
Stomata: tiny openings that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave

12. Flower Reproductive organ Stamen: male structure
At the top of the stamen is the anther which produces pollen
Pistil: female structure
At the bottom of the pistil is the ovary which produces the ovule

13. Pollination
During pollination, pollen grains stick to top of the pistil called the stigma
The pollen grain grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary where it fertilizes an ovule
The ovule develops into a seed

14. Pollination
Self pollination: occurs when the pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower
Cross pollination: the pollen from one flower sticks to insects which deposit the pollen on other flowers

16. Monocot vs Dicot Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups
Based on the number of cotyledons the seed has and other characteristics
Cotyledon: seed leaf that provides nutrition to developing seed or the first leaf
Germination: seed coat splits and seed begins to grow