1. Hormonal Regulation of Carbohydrates

2. Hormones
What are hormones?

3. Islet of Langerhans
As blood goes through the pancreas, insulin or glucagon is released into the blood stream based on the b.g.l

4. Blood Glucose Level When B.G.L is high When B.G.L is low
Insulin is released (β)
Muscles and liver takes in glucose (why?)
Excess glucose is turned into fat (why?)
When B.G.L is low
Glucagon is released (α)
Epinephrine and cortisol are released
Hydrolysis of glycogen
The release of insulin and glucagon is not an all-or-nothing situation. The relative concentrations of these two hormones in the blood determine the shift between energy storage and mobilization
Impared glucose regulation: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

5. Hypoglycemia Feel nauseated, dizzy, irritable, sleepy, etc
Too much insulin
Prolonged exercise
Reactive hypoglycemia
Fasting hypoglycemia

6. Insulin-Responsive Glucose Transporter
Glucose transporter – ATP & protein pump
Insulin responsive glucose transporters – muscles and adipose tissue
Brain and liver cells have glucose transporters that do not require insulin for the uptake of glucose

7. a lot more complex…

8. Insulin Promotes Energy Storage
Uptake of glucose into some cells
Glycogenesis: glucose  glycogen
Glucose  fatty acids (irreversible)
Stimulate protein synthesis

9. Glucagon Promotes Mobilization of Stored Energy
Glycogenolysis: glycogen  glucose
Gluconeogenesis: amino acids  glucose
Ketogenesis: fatty acids  glucose
Liver glycogenolysis is stimulated by glucagon
Muscle glycogenolysis is stimulated by epinephrine
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by both glucagon and epinephrine

10. Immediate Energy Source
Cortisol released in response to a “fight or flight” situation
Decrease glucose uptake (exept for the brain)
Stimulate gluconeogenesis

11. Ketogenesis Fatty acids  ketones Occurs in the liver
Stimulated by glucagon
Energy usable by the brain, heart, muscles, and kidney
Accumulation of ketones  ketosis
Gluconeogenesis results in muscle loss and has its consequences (cardiac muscles).

12. Concept Map again… but yay~!!
Groups of 3
Blood glucose level
Chemical reactions in b.g.l. regulation
Hormones involved in b.g.l. regulation
Body tissues involved in b.g.l regulation