1. Partitioning & Formatting
Exam: 902
1.2 Given a scenario, install Windows PC operating systems using appropriate methods

2. Root Directories
One challenge of using any OS is finding the data and files that you need
An OS manages a hard drive, optical drive, or other drive using directories and files
Directories are also known as folders
The drive (no matter the type) is generally organized with a single root directory
The root directory can hold files or other directories
These “other directories” are called subdirectories, child directories, or simply folders
Any directory can have files and other subdirectories in it

3. Storage devices such as a USB drive or hard drive are organized into directories and subdirectories that contain files

4. Partitions (Volumes) PM Video 22:24
In order to use a hard drive, or a portion of a hard drive, in Windows you need to first partition it and then format it
Some hard drives can be divided into 1 or more partitions (called volumes)
Why would you want multiple partitions?
You can use multiple partitions to organize data; the OS is on the C drive and data is stored on a second partition
A hard drive is physical, partitions are logical
If you divide a physical disk into multiple partitions, each partition has its own root directory
You can set up a dual or multi-boot system

5. A hard drive can be divided into 1 or more partitions
that are identified by a letter such as drive C: or drive D:

6. MBR & GPT YT Video 6:24
Before a hard drive can be used it needs to have a partition scheme configured
The partition scheme allows the hard drive to be divided into partitions
The most common disk partitioning system is the Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning scheme
Maps of partitions are kept in the MBR, which is on the first sector of the hard drive
MBR disks have 2 limitations:
1. Max size of a partition is 2 TB
2. Limited to 4 partitions
4 primary partitions
Or, 3 primary partitions and a 4th extended partition can hold 1 or more logical drives
The Globally Unique Identifier Partition Table (GPT) system overcomes the limitations of the MBR system
Support disks larger than 2 TB and 128 partitions

7. A hard drive with 4 partitions; the
4th partition is an extended partition

8. System Partition vs Boot Partition
The System Partition (usually drive C:) is the active partition of the hard drive that contains the OS program to start up (or boot) Windows (you will only have 1 of these)
The Boot Partition is the partition where the Windows OS is stored (can have multiple boot partitions)
Windows assigns 2 functions to partitions that hold the OS

9. NTFS FAT64 FAT32 FAT16 File Systems
Before a drive can be used it must be assigned a drive letter and formatted using a file system
A file system is the overall structure an OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive
Windows supports 4 types of file systems for hard drives:
Linux uses the Extended File System (ext2, ext3, ext4)
1 EB volumes
16 TB file sizes
NTFS
FAT64
FAT32
FAT16

10. File Systems FAT16 FAT32 FAT64 NTFS
Older file system, only recommended on volumes less than 4 GB
FAT32
Supports volumes up to 2TB, supports files sizes up to 4GB, no journaling (so more corruption), no file level security, but can be used with almost any device
FAT64
Also called exFAT supports files sizes up to 16EB and theoretical partitions of 64ZB but still lacks NTFS’s extra features such as compression and encryption
NTFS
Efficient file system, supports file and folder security, disk compression, disk quotas, long file names, journaling, and volumes larger than 2TB are possible

11. Path, Filename, Extension PM Video 4:11
When you refer to a drive and folders pointing to a file, the drive letter and directories are called the path
Path: C:\Data\Business\Letter.docx
The 1st part of the name before the period is known as the filename
C:\Data\Business\Letter.docx
The part after the filename is called the file extension
C:\Data\Business\Letter.docx
The file extension indicates what program uses the file and the type of content in the file (.docx is a Word doc)

12. The complete path to a file includes the volume letter, directories, filename, and file extension; the colon, backslashes, and period are required to separate items in the path

13. Directory Structure
A directory structure is the way an operating system’s file system is displayed to the user
Specific folder locations to be aware of include those for user data and settings, program files, and Windows data
The following slide assume Windows is installed on the “C” drive

14. Directory Windows XP
Directory Windows Vista
Direcotry Windows 7
Description
C:\Documents and Settings
C:\Users
When a user logs onto Windows a user profile is created which is a collection of user data and settings
C:\Program Files
C:\Program Files - for 64 bit user applications
C:\Program Files (x86) - for 32 bit user applications
When a program is installed program files are stored in a default location
C:\Windows
The OS needs a place to keep hardware and software configuration, user preferences, and application settings (besides the registry)

15. How to Create a File Methods to create a file:
Method 1: Open a particular application and create a new file
Method 2: Use Windows Explorer or the Computer window
Right-click in the unused white area in the right pane of the window and point to New
Click the application you want to use in order to create a file
You can then rename the file name

16. How to Create a Folder Method to create a folder:
First select the folder you want as the parent folder
Right-click in the white area of the right pane
Point to New from the shortcut menu
Select one of three choices for folder types
The folder is created and highlighted so that it may be renamed
You can create folders within folders within folders
However the maximum length of a path and filename cannot exceed 260 characters

17. How to Copy, Move, and Rename
How to copy a file or folder:
Right-click the file or folder, select Copy from the menu
Click in white area of the folder where the copied item goes and select Paste from the menu
How to move or copy (alternative method):
Drag and drop item to its new location (move)
To copy, hold down the Ctrl key while you drag and drop
How to rename a file or folder:
Right-click the file or folder and select Rename from the menu

18. How to Delete Files or Folders
How to delete a file or folder:
Select the item and press the Delete key
Can also, right-click on the item and select Delete from the menu
To select multiple items to delete, copy, or move at the same time, hold down the Shift or Ctrl key as you click
The Shift key selects adjacent items in a list
The Ctrl key selects nonadjacent items in a list